Download Cardiovascular System - Livonia Public Schools

Cardiovascular System
Medical Assisting
Transportation System
O2
Nutrients
CO2
Waste products
Cells need transport system
Closed circuit of vessels
Pump
Circulatory Systems
Closed
system
Interlinked
Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary
Quick Stats
4,000 gallons of blood a day is pumped
40 miles per hour
Heart beats 60 – 100 times a minute
Averages 100,000 beats a day
40,000,000 beats a year
Never stops!
More Stats
The heart pumps about 5-6 liters (1.5
gallons) of blood per minute
One drop of blood contains a half a drop of
plasma, 5 MILLION Red Blood Cells, 10
Thousand White Blood Cells and 250
Thousand Platelets.
Your blood vessels could be wrapped
around the equator TWICE!
Even More Stats
There are over 60,000 miles of blood
vessels in children
Over 100,000 miles in adults
The average three-year-old has two pints
of blood in their body; the average adult at
least five times more!
Keep your heart healthy...it's going to have
to beat about 3 BILLION times during
your lifetime!
Four Main Parts
Pump – Heart
Plumbing – blood vessels – arteries,
veins, and capillaries
Fluid – blood
Auxiliary fluid – lymphatic system
The Heart
Normal Anatomy
Triangular shaped
Size of a fist
Behind sternum

- lower part of mediastinum
2/3 on left
Between lungs
This is the external appearance of a normal heart.
The epicardial surface is smooth and glistening.
The amount of epicardial fat is usual.
The left anterior descending coronary artery
extends down from the aortic root to the apex.
Heart
Heart
Heart Anatomy
Lies on the diaphragm pointing to the left
5th ICS at L MCL
Positioned between sternum and thoracic
vertebrae
Useful - CPR
Heart
Heart Anatomy
Several layers of muscle
Spiral
Circular
Contraction = blood squeezed out of
chambers
Relaxation = blood fills chambers from
great veins
Walls are myocardium
Heart Anatomy
Change in size relative to contraction or
relaxation
Systole - contraction
Diastole – relaxation
Upper and lower chambers are opposite
Contraction of ventricles produces a pulse
External Anatomy
Sac around heart = pericardium
Fibrous tissue with small space between
Parietal- outer layer, like a loose fitting sac
Visceral- epicardium
Pericardial fluid
Pericarditis- trauma,
infection, tumors
Causes friction, pain
External Anatomy
Coronary
Arteries/Veins
Blood supply to heart
muscle itself
Arise from aorta
Return to right atrium
Myocardium
Internal Heart Anatomy
Hollow organ
4 chambers (cavities)
Upper 2 – atria
Lower 2 – ventricles
Septum
4 valves
Heart Chambers
Atria- smaller, thinner walls, less muscular
Receiving chambers- blood enters here
through veins
Ventricles- larger, strong, muscular walls
 Discharging chambers- blood exits heart into
arteries

Internal Heart Structures
Endocardium – lines the heart, valves,
vessels (Endocarditis- roughens- clots
{thrombus} form)
Double pump
Blood from either side of the heart does
not mix
Septum- interatrial, interventricular
Always a one-way street!!!
Heart Anatomy
Heart Diagram
Cardiac Cells\Heart Anatomy
Cardiac muscle –
striated
Automaticity
Contractility
Involuntary
Cells joined
end-to-end
Single nucleus
The Tricuspid Valve
The tricuspid valve is located between the atrium
and ventricle on the right side of the heart. When
this valve is open, blood passes from the right
atrium into the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve
prevents the reverse of blood flow back into the
atrium by closing during ventricular contraction.
As its name suggests, the tricuspid valve is
made up of three leaves, or cusps.
Tricuspid Valve
Normal anatomy
The Pulmonary Valve
With the tricuspid valve closed, the only outlet for blood
in the right ventricle is through the pulmonary trunk. The
pulmonary trunk splits into the left and right pulmonary
arteries, which connect to the left and right lungs,
respectively. The entrance to the pulmonary trunk is
guarded by the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve is
made up of three leaves that open when the right
ventricle contracts, and close when this chamber
relaxes, allowing blood to flow from the right ventricle
into the pulmonary arteries but not the reverse.
Pulmonary Valve
Semilunar
The Bicuspid Valve
The bicuspid or mitral valve regulates the
flow of blood from the left atrium to the left
ventricle. Like the tricuspid valve, the
bicuspid valve closes during ventricular
contraction. The bicuspid valve is
composed of two leaves.
The Bicuspid Valve
Mitral
The Aortic Valve
The aortic valve consists of three leaves
found at the entrance to the aorta. This
valve lets blood out of the left ventricle as
it contracts, and blocks the pathway of
blood from the aorta back into the left
ventricle when this chamber relaxes
Aortic Valve
Normal anatomy
Valves
Papillary muscles – contract with the atria
to assist in opening the valves between
the chambers (bicuspid and tricuspid)
Semilunars – aortic and pulmonary
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood from right heart goes to lungs for
gas exchange
Pulmonary Circulation
Vena Cavas
Right atrium
Tricuspid
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar
Pulmonary arteries (2)
Arterioles
Pulmonary Circulation
Capillaries
Gas exchange
Venules
Veins
Pulmonary veins (4)
Left atrium
Bicuspid
Left ventricle
Heart Physiology
Both sides pump simultaneously
Must always move in a forward direction
Atria contract together
Ventricles contract together
Each set of contractions is a heartbeat
Heart Sounds
Lubb – S1 – Apex – valves between
chambers closing (bicuspid and tricuspid)
Dupp – S2 – 2nd intercostal space at the
sternal borders – pulmonary and aortic
semilunar valves closing
Heart Sounds
Abnormal Sounds
S3
S4
Murmurs
Rubs
Heart Action/Sounds
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseas
es/hhw/hhw_pumping.html
http://www.blaufuss.org/
Pacemaker
SA Node
Right atrium
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje fibers
Pacemaker
Sets rate and rhythm
O2
NA, K, CA, Phos, Mg
Nutrients
Electrical signal sent from SA node to start
beat
Pacemaker
Atria stimulated by the SA – contract
simultaneously
Blood sent into ventricles
Triggers AV node (between atria and
ventricles)
No direct connection
Bundle of HIS – Left and Right branches
Purkinje network
NSR
Sinus rhythm
Rhythm Disturbances
ECG (EKG) – diagnostic tool
Heart Block – 1st through 3rd degree
Atria will beat at 60-100 bpm
Ventricles will beat independently at 30-40
bpm
Arrhythmias
Any deviation from normal rhythm
Ectopic
Atrial (PAC)
Ventricular (PVC)
Junctional (PJC)
Bigeminy
Trigeminy
Artificial Pacemaker
Heart block override
Electrodes threaded through Vena Cava to
atrium and ventricle (internal)
Fluro used
Permanent or temporary
Internal or external
Fixed or demand
Artificial Pacemaker
Pacers
Defibrillators
Implanted into chest wall
Dick Cheney
Shocks heart back to normal
Lethal if untreated
Rate Control
Vagus – slows down
Accelerator – speeds up
Stimulated by many things – emotions
Electrolytes
O2/CO2
Tachycardia - >100
Bradycardia - < 60
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vessel Structure
Vessels
Comparison – Arteries/Veins
Arteries
Always carries blood AWAY from the heart
Fresh, O2 rich blood
ONE exception – pulmonary arteries
Layers of elastic fibers – expand/recoil
Causes wavelike effect – pulse
Felt when pressed over bony prominence
Arteries
Anatomy
Arteries
Lumens
Major Arteries - UE
Aorta
Carotid
Pulmonary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Major Arteries - LE
Common iliac
Femoral
Tibial
Dorsalis pedis
Arteries
High pressure
Arterioles
Connect arteries to capillaries
Similar structure to arteries
Smaller branches
Capillaries
One cell thick – vast
network
Trickle of blood to
allow nutrients/O2
and wastes to diffuse
Fluid filled tissue
spaces between cells
Intracellular,
interstitial, plasma
(extracellular)
Capillaries
Sphincters to control flow
Order of importance – CNS, muscular
system (fight/flight), internal digestive
organs
Take O2 to cells
Pick up CO2 and wastes to take for
disposal
Venules
Connect capillaries to veins
Deoxygenated
Same structure as veins
Smaller
Veins
Similar to arteries
Deoxygenated blood
No elastic fibers for
vasoconstriction
Lower pressure
Valves
Major Veins
Tibial
Saphenous
Femoral
Common iliac
Vena cava
Jugular
Brachial
Cephalic
Pulmonary
Lymphatic System
Lymph
Nodes
Vessels
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus
Lymphatic System
Lymph
Blood plasma that filters out of capillaries
Contains lymphocyes, hormones, cellular
activity products
Fills spaces between cells – interstitial
Bridge between cells and capillaries
Lymph Vessels
Valves like veins
No pump
One-way system
Many lymph vessels – flow to heart
Lymph Nodes
Small round, or oval structures
Clusters in various areas
Avilla
Inguinal
Abdominal
Head/neck
Metastasis
Spleen
Lymphatic tissue – huge lymph node
Left side, below diaphragm
Produces lymphocytes
Stores RBC’s
Destroys old RBC’s
Blood
RBC
WBC
Platelets
Plasma
Blood
8-10 pints in adult
Loss greater than 2 pints is poor
Plasma – 55 %
Cells – 45%
Plasma
Seeps in and out of capillaries
Serum, lymph
Interstitial fluid
In and out of lymphatic system
Straw colored
90% water
Minerals (10%) – Ca, NA, K, Phos, Bicarb
Plasma
Minerals also called electrolytes –
acid/base balance
Vitamins
Hormones
Enzymes
Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino
acids
O2, CO2, wastes
Plasma
3 proteins
Fibrinogen
Serum albumen – water osmosis
Serum globulin – forms antibodies
Red Blood Cells
RBCs
Erythrocytes
Biconcave disks – very thin centers, can
fold over to flow into narrow spaces
25 trillion (5million per cubic millimeter)
4 month life span
Produced – 1 million/second
RBCs
Bone marrow produces – wear out at
same rate they are produced
Hemoglobin – red color, made from iron +
protein
Hemoglobin carries O2/CO2
White Blood Cells
WBCs
Leukocytes
5,000 – 9,000 per cubic millimeter
One per 600-700 RBCs
2x size of RBCs
Defend body against foreign substances
Leukocytes
2 types
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Exudate – (pus) – lymph, bacteria, dead
wbcs
Platelets
Thrombocytes
Smallest
200,000-400,000 per cubic millimeter
Formed in bone marrow
Clotting
Only active with cut vessel – must be fairkt
small
Bleeding Time
PT
PTT
Bleeding time
Blood Types
A
B
AB
O
Rh factor
Rh factor - +/- antigen
Pregnancy issues
Injection given to prevent antibody
formation
Cholesterol
Metabolism of fats
Accumulates in arteries - plaques
Total - <200
LDL <130
HDL >60
Diagnostics
Arteriograph (angiograph)
Cardiac cath
Doppler/ultrasound
Echo
ECG
Holter monitor
Stress testing – thallium
TEE
Heart Disease
Leading cause of death in the United
States
Diseases
Anemia
Aneurysm
Cardiac Arrest
Arrhythmia
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
CVA
Disease
CHF
CAD
Embolism
Hypertension
Leukemia
Murmur
MI
Phlebitis