Download Combined_Torso_Part_2 [ screen displays inferior surface of the

Combined_Torso_Part_2.rtf
[ screen displays inferior surface of the liver]
[ voice of Dr. Barbara Davis, Instructor, Biology speaking] Here, we can see the inferior surface
of the liver.
[ uses pointer to distinguish different sections of the liver] So to get oriented first…here’s the
gallbladder; to the side of the gallbladder would be the right lobe of the liver, so the opposite side
would be the left lobe of the liver. We can see the left lobe of the liver is separated from this
middle area here, by the falciform ligament. The falciform ligament is a remnant of the umbilical
vein. So, in between the falciform ligament and the gallbladder, we have the quadrate lobe. The
quadrate lobe is square shaped, sort of like what we would think about a quad in between four
dorms. Here, we can also see the inferior vena cava and between the inferior vena cava and the
left lobe of the liver, you can see there is a little line here, this is called the caudate lobe. It’s the
most caudal or posterior aspect of the liver. Now, the liver is divided into lobules that produce
bile. The left area of the liver drains bile into the left hepatic duct, which is this small duct right
here. The right side of the liver drains bile into the right hepatic duct. The right hepatic duct and
the left hepatic duct come together to form just this very small area right at the tip of the pointer,
the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct then sends bile through the cystic duct here
to the gallbladder. Cystic means bladder, so the cystic duct goes to the gallbladder; bile is stored
here, when it’s needed it goes back out the cystic duct into this vessel, the common bile duct. So
again, the flow of bile is from the left hepatic duct and the right hepatic duct to the common
hepatic duct, into the cystic duct for storage in the gallbladder, out the cystic duct to the common
bile duct, which leads to the major duodenal papilla.
[ screen displays torso model of the digestive system] Okay, we’re back to the torso here. You
can see that we still have the liver out, we’re going to leave the liver out so that we can see these
other structures. So, let’s zoom in on the abdominal pelvic cavity, so that we can see these organs
a little bit better.
[ zooms in for a closer view of the torso and uses a laser pointer to distinguish the different
organs of the digestive system] We’re going to move back to the stomach. We said that the food
bolus is delivered to the stomach and the details of the stomach are covered on another video that
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Combined_Torso_Part_2.rtf
looks at the parts of the stomach. Here, we can’t see them real well, so we’ll just identify this
organ as the stomach.
[ stomach is removed from the torso model] We’ll lift the stomach out and we can see from the
stomach, the food bolus would move to this tubular structure here, the duodenum, which we’ll
look at a little bit closer here in a minute. I do want to point out here, the pancreas that sits
tucked right behind the stomach, so this is the pancreas. We won’t worry about the parts of the
pancreas on this model, we have another video and model that demonstrates that. Here is the
spleen in the upper left quadrant here as well. Now, the spleen is not part of the digestive system
but we are covering it here, since it doesn’t fit too well anywhere else. So, let’s lift out the
intestines and we’re going to turn them around to the rear, where we can get a better view of this
duodenum.
[ intestines are removed from the torso model and turned around to view the duodenum] So, here
is the duodenum, you can see it’s very short, it’s about twelve inches; it’s turning around here
and this is the head of the pancreas in the curve of the duodenum, so this is the duodenum.
[ intestines are placed back into the torso model to view the front] If we turn the intestines back
around then, from the duodenum, the chyme moves into the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum and
ileum are both intertwined in this area here, we can’t really differentiate which part is jejunum
and which part is the ileum. The jejunum would probably be more in this quadrant, the ileum
more in this quadrant, but we don’t make that distinction on this model. From the ileum, the
chyme moves through the ileocecal valve into the cecum here; let’s lift out the cover of the
cecum so that we can see the structure a little bit better.
[cecum is removed from the model] There is the ileocecal valve we can just see and just this little
end portion here is the cecum, which is the beginning of the large intestine. Now, the cecum has
a little blind alley that goes off the back of it, we need to turn the intestines around again to
demonstrate this as the appendix.
[ intestines are removed from the model and turned around displaying the back of the intestines]
The appendix is this little blind alley here that we can see extending off of the cecum. Okay, let’s
put the intestines back in.
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Combined_Torso_Part_2.rtf
[ intestines are placed back into the model] Now, ingestion doesn’t normally go into the
appendix, if it does we generally end up with appendicitis. From the cecum, we move through
the ascending colon, which is coming up the right side of the patient. So, then we have the right
colic flexure, which would be underneath the liver, so it is also called the hepatic flexure. We
move through the transverse colon, we have another turn on this side, we’ve moved over to the
left side, so this would be the left colic flexure. Notice it is also located underneath the spleen
here, so it’s also called the splenic flexure. Then, we move down the descending colon here and
the descending colon ends in an s-shape colon that we’ll need to lift the intestines out to see.
[ intestines are lifted out of the model] You can see how it is kind of twisted around here; this is
the sigmoid colon that ends in the rectum, which is behind the bladder. We can’t see the rectum
in this view, but it’s a tube that runs straight to the opening which is the anus.
This completes our study of the Digestive System on the torso model.
[ video ends]
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