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AP Biology, Chapter 50 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Discovering Ecology 52.1 Earth’s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly Intro 1. How do scientists define climate? Long-term, prevailing weather conditions Factors: T, precip, sunlight, and wind Scales Macroclimate: global to landscape Microclimate: very fine, localized Global Climate Patterns 2. Describe how the process of global air circulation maintains latitudinal climatic zones. Sun's energy is strongest at the equator Tropical air rises, cools, rains out Air is drawn to the equator at the surface Dry air flows away from the equator aloft 3. How does the Earth’s rotation affect global climate patterns? Once heated air is in motion, rotation acts on it Air and water form vortexes Regional and Local Effects on Climate Intro 4. How are climate patterns affected by seasonality, bodies of water, and mountain ranges? Seasonality Earth’s tilt and revolution varies solar input over the year Bodies of Water Coastal currents deliver cold or warm water that moderate climate Water’s high heat capacity dampens changes Mountains Mountain ranges block circulation Rising moist air rains out; leeward areas are drier Microclimate 5. Describe examples of factors that affect microclimates. Forests lessen temperature changes Low-lying ground is wetter Rotting logs provide shelter and nutrients for unique communities 6. Distinguish between the abiotic and biotic components of the environment. Abiotic: non-living; pH, chemical nutrients, humidity, temperature Biotic: living; competition, predation, parasitism Global Climate Change 7. Describe evidence for global climate change. Atmospheric CO2 is increasing Earth’s surface is warming Historical description Glaciers began retreating 16,000 years ago Tree distributions moved north 8. What limits the ability of species to survive shifts in global climate? Trees with winged seeds may be able to disperse and survive Those without may not, like the eastern hemlock Ex: beech trees Possible range shifting 8 km/yr Tree populations move 0.2 km/yr 52.2 The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and distrurbance Intro 9. How are biomes defined differently in terrestrial and aquatic environments? Terrestrial: by vegetation type like tropical rain forest Aquatic: by physical environment like the photic zone Climate and Terrestrial Biomes 10. How are climographs used to predict predict terrestrial biomes? Axes: annual mean temperature vs. precipitation Known biomes form areas within Overlaps result other factors Topography, soil, altitude Pattern of T and precip through the year General Features of Terrestrial Biomes 11. Describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, savanna, desert, chaparral, temperate grassland, temperate forest, taiga, and tundra. Tropical forest Equatorial: consistent high temperature and rainfall Consistent conditions allow more specialization Desert Driest and warmest Plants adapted for saving water; nocturnal, burrowing animals Savanna = tropical grassland; seasonal dryness and fire Many large grazers Chaparral Dry with dense, spiny evergreen shrubs Periodic fires Temperate grassland Seasonally too dry for trees Periodic fires Northern coniferous forest or Taiga Coniferous forest; conical trees shed heavy snow North or higher than temperate forest Temperate broadleaf forest Dominated by deciduous trees; many adaptations for seasonal survival Vertically layered Tundra Cold and dry; swampy in warm season Permafrost limits tree root penetration Disturbance and Terrestrial Biomes 12. How does disturbance contribute to the dynamic nature of biomes? Fires and storms prevent complete succession Many species are adapted for disturbed areas within biomes Dominant plants may depend on periodic fires 52.3 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth Intro Zonation in Aquatic Biomes 13. Distinguish among the vertical layers found in aquatic biomes. Photic: light for autotrophs Aphotic: no light, no living autotrophs Thermocline: sharp boundary between warm upper and cold lower Benthic: entire bottom supplied with detritus 14. How does seasonal turnover maintain diversity in freshwater biomes? In winter and summer lakes are stratified Turnover Spring: warming surface water mixes downward Fall: cooling sends surface waters downward Mixing sends oxygen down, nutrients up 15. Define and compare the prominent freshwater biomes. Littoral: freshwater shore with rooted plants Stream Adaptations for the current Energy from shore plants and detritus Lake/pond Oligotrophic: deep, clear, nutrient-poor Eutrophic: shallow, murky, nutrient-rich 16. Differentiate wetlands and estuaries. Wetland has little open water; mainly covered with aquatic plants Estuaries are where freshwater enters saltwater; surrounded by wetlands 17. Define and compare the prominent marine biomes. Intertidal Alternately exposed and submerged; subject to wave action Very stratified on rocky substrates Coral reef Warm tropical clear water Autotrophs: encrusting and symbiotic algae Oceanic pelagic Lower nutrients farther from shore In temperate zones, upwelling brings nutrients Phytoplankton are the major autotrophs Deep sea vent Vents release very hot water with H2S Chemoautotrophs form the base of food chains 52.4 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species Intro 18. Order the factors limiting the geographic distribution of species. Dispersal and Distribution Intro Inaccessible or insufficient time to disperse Inability: flying species disperse more readily Natural Range Expansion and Adaptive Radiation Species Transplants Behavior and Habitat Selection Habitat selection least understood Transplant experiments show dispersal is not the limiting factor Biotic Factors Predation, competition, presence of pollinators, etc. Exotic (invasive) species dramatically show this Abiotic Factors Intro Chemical: water, salinity, pH, nutrients Physical: light, temperature, soil structure Temperature Water and Oxygen Salinity Sunlight Rocks and Soil