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MICROBIOLOGY WITH DISEASES BY TAXONOMY, THIRD EDITION Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function Lecture prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cell: the structural and functional unit of all living organisms (Cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann) • Two Types of Cells: – Prokaryote (comes from the Greek words for “before nucleus”) – Lack a membrane around their DNA – No nucleus – Eukaryote (comes from the Greek words for “true nucleus”) – Have a membrane surrounding DNA – Nucleus Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Prokaryote Fimbria Eukaryote Inclusion body Cilia Golgi Ribosome Ribosome Chloroplast Mitochondria Nucleoid Cytoplasm Glycocalyx Nuclear pore Cell wall Plasmid ER Nucleolus Cell membrane Flagella Nucleus Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nuclear membrane Prokaryote • • • • • • • • • vs Nucleoid region One chromosome No histones No membrane bound organelles 70S ribosomes Complex cell walls Binary fission Small size Bacteria, Archaea Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Eukaryote • • • • • • • • • Nuclear membrane Paired chromosomes Histones Membrane bound organelles 80S ribosomes Simple or no cell walls Mitosis Larger size Fungi, Parasites Prokaryotic Cell • • • • Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm diam 2 - 8 µm length Common shapes: Cocci, Rods, Spirals Most bacteria are monomorphic (one shape) A few are pleomorphic due to the environment Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Prokaryote Cell Arrangements • Determined by the planes in which it divides • Pairs: diplo – Neisseria • Chains: divide in 1 plane – Streptococcus, Streptobacillus • Tetrads (4)- divide in 2 planesAerococcus • Clusters: divide in multiple planes Staphylococcus Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. External Structures of Prokaryotes Fimbriae Flagella Glycocalyx Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Glycocalyx • Flagella • Fimbriae • Pili Glycocalyx • • • • Viscous, sticky Gelatinous carbohydrate Made in cell & secreted Types: – Capsule is neatly organized and firmly attached to cell wall – Slime layer is unorganized and loosely attached to cell wall • Purpose: – Protection against drying – Attachment to surfaces – Virulence – inhibits phagocytosis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Glycocalyces - Capsule & Slime Layer Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Flagella • Found in bacilli (rods) • Long, semi-rigid appendages • Purpose: – Motility (movement) • Parts: – Flagellin in helix around hollow core – Hook for attachment – Basal body - anchors to the wall and membrane Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8 Flagella • Purpose: motility • Moves : by rotating flagella (like a propeller) – In liquid – run – tumble - run http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=891M1TH99_8 – On agar - swarms – Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) • Flagella proteins are H antigens – Used to identify organisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7) – Differs by species/strain Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Flagella Arrangement Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Axial Filaments • Found in spirochetes • Endoflagella – – Anchored at one end of a cell – Form bundles spiraling around cell under a sheath • Rotation causes cell to move http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0y7X5acK8M Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Fimbriae • Found in gram negative bacilli • Many, short, straight, thin filaments • Made of protein - pilin • Allow attachment Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pili • • • • Made of protein - pilin Longer than fimbriae Only 1 or 2 per cell Used to transfer DNA from one cell to another by conjugation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Wall • Complex, semi-rigid structure • Prevents osmotic lysis, provides shape • Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) Cell wall Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Peptidoglycan- in bacterial cell walls • Consists of repeating disaccharides – N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) • Linked by polypeptides – Includes amino acid isomer side chains attached to NAM Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gram-Positive cell walls • Thick layer of Peptidoglycan • Teichoic acids: – Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane – Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gram-Negative Cell Walls •Thin layer of peptidoglycan in periplasmic space •Outer membrane of phospholipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gram-Negative Outer Membrane Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics O lipopolysaccharide antigen ( E. coli O157:H7) Lipid A is an endotoxin Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of Cell Walls Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gram-positive cell walls 1. Thick layer of peptidoglycan 2. No periplasmic space 3. Teichoic acids 4. No outer membrane Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gram-negative cell walls 1. Thin layer of peptidoglycan 2. Periplasmic space 3. No teichoic acids 4. Outer phospholipid membrane Atypical Cell Walls • Acid-fast bacteria – Mycolic acid • Mycoplasma – Lack cell walls – Sterols in plasma membrane • Archaea – Wall-less, or – Walls of varying polysaccharides and proteins – Do not have peptidoglycan in cell walls Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Membrane Plasma membrane, Cytoplasmic membrane • Composed of: – Phospholipid bilayer – Proteins Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Fluid mosaic model Plasma Membrane Purpose • Selective permeability: Regulates movement of substances in and out of cell • ATP production Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes • Movement of molecules • Active Transport – requires energy from the system • Passive Transport – Passive processes – Diffusion – Facilitated diffusion – Osmosis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Passive processes of movement Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18 Osmosis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.19 Effects of solutions on cells Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.20 Prokaryotic Cytoplasmic Membranes • Function – Active processes – Active transport – Group translocation – Substance chemically modified during transport Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mechanisms of active transport Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.21 Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes Animation: Active Transport: Overview Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes Animation: Active Transport: Types Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Group translocation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.22 Cytoplasm • The substance inside the plasma membrane • Thick, semi transparent • Made of 80% water, enzymes, carbohydrates Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Internal contents • • • • • Nucleoid region – chromosomal DNA 70S Ribosomes – protein synthesis Plasmids – extrachromosomal DNA Inclusions – storage of polysaccharides, lipids for energy Cytosol – liquid portion of cytoplasm Ribosome Nucleoid region Plasmid Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6a, b Ribosomes • There are two subunits: a small one (30S), and a bigger one (50S). When a ribosome needs to be formed for translation, the subunits attach to each other and form a 70S unit. The "S" is a measure of the rate of sedimentation in centrifugation, rather than a measure of weight. That's why those two subunits put together are 70S, and not 80S. The subunits themselves are made of RNA and proteins. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ribosomes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Endospores Produced by Bacillus, Clostridium • Resting cells • Resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals • 1 cell – 1 spore NOT reproductive • Sporulation or Sporogenesis: – Endospore formation (8-10hr) • Germination: – Return to vegetative state Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The formation of an endospore http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAcowliknPs Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 10.2