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Transcript
Topic 2-3: Religions of the Middle East Revolutionary monotheisms: Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Abrahamic faiths) (J-C-I Tradition) believe: There is ONE God (monotheism) God is above nature and human weakness (transcendent) Sacred books are revealed Judaism, Christianity, Islam Abrahamic Traditions All three religions consider Abraham their originating prophet Islam places Muhammad in a line of prophets including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Muslims consider Muhammad the “Seal of the Prophets Guercino, “Abraham Casting Out Hager and Ishmael,” [1657] Zoroastrianism Prophet: Zoroaster / Zarathustra [c. 500 BCE?] One supreme god: Ahura Mazda conflict dualism-struggle between good and evil last judgment personal ethics and salvation-free will Opponent of Ahura Mazda Angra Mainyu (Devil) There are few adherents of Zoroastrianism today but it left many important legacies to the Judeo-Christian tradition Modern image of Zoroaster PAINTING OF JESUS CHRIST IN JUDGMENT OF MANKIND Judaism Approximately 3800 years old Founder of Judaism: Abraham Foundational stories of Judaism are ones of journey, exile, return Descendants of Abraham comprise a divinely chosen family and ethnic group World’s first monotheistic religion Rembrandt’s Abraham Key Historical Events Judaism Moses and the 10 Commandmentsethical monotheism-the Covenant Hebrew Kingdoms—David and Solomon Diaspora – Torah (“Bible”) and Talmud (Law) Chosen People Sacred Geography-Israel, Jerusalem Exodus Moses and his Covenant with God Jews within the Roman Empire During Roman times, there was already a “Jewish diaspora” Jewish communities often came into conflict with Romans when they refused to worship Roman deities or emperors 66-70 CE—Jerusalem defeated by Rome Torah HANUKKUH Importance of Ritual Oldest Synagogue in US – Newport, RI Diaspora Anti-Semitism “You cannot live among us as Jews” 922 B.C. The Jewish kingdom is established 70 A.D. The Romans conquer the Jewish kingdom – the Temple of Solomon is destroyed. 11-12th Cent. Massacres on Jews in the Rhineland and by the Crusaders. 1215 Jews in Europe are forced to dress in a certain way or carry the Jewish mark. 1290 The Jews are expelled from England. 14th Cent. The Jews are expelled from France. 1492 The Jews are expelled from Spain, unless they are willing to be baptised. 1648 Massacres on Jews in Poland and the Ukraine. 19th Cent. The Jews are gradually emancipated in Germany and in other Westernm European countries. 1819 Pogrom against the Jews of Copenhagen. 1881 Pogroms in Russia following the murder of the Tsar. 1919 Pogroms in Eastern Europe – 60,000 Jews are killed in the Ukraine by Ukrainian nationalists. Forced to wear yellow star Burning the Talmud Examples of Anti-Semitism Burned to Death A 15th century German woodcut showing an alleged host desecration. In the first panel the hosts are stolen; in the second the hosts bleed when pierced by a Jew; in the third the Jews are arrested; and in the fourth they are burned alive. Jesus Born c. 4 BCE Independent-minded Jewish Rabbi? Political revolutionary? Executed for activities and teachings c. 30 CE JESUS PREACHING TO FOLLOWERS CHRIST BEFORE PILATE CRUCIFIXION RESURRECTION OF CHRIST Basic Beliefs of Jesus love your fellow man-Golden Rule turn the other cheek – pacifism, nonviolence? social justice-live simply equality of men and women opposed to the ceremonialism of Judaism Early Christianity Splinter group within Judaism Spread by Paul of Tarsus and others; enabled by pax romana Many poor and disenfranchised were attracted to Christianity • “Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth” Mark 5 A religion of conversion 3rd century: ONE TENTH of Western Roman Empire Christian Paul of Tarsus Paul’s Additions to Christianity Christian theology-role of the church and the priests original sin Jesus divine, the “son of God” subordinate role for women faith in God-saving stuff is “grace” universal mission – seek converts no longer follow Jewish practices celibacy Paul’s Third Trip to Rome Christianization of the Roman Empire Christianization of “pagan” cults and temples Christianization of Roman feast days Celebration of “martyrs” Conversion of Germanic peoples Persecuted religion intolerance of “pagans” Catholic Church in Assisi Formerly Temple of Minerva CHARLEMAGNE DEFEATS THE SAXONS Conversion by the Sword? THE HOLY THORN RELIQUARY OF JEAN, DUC DE BERRY The Byzantine Empire The “Eastern Roman Empire” survived 1000 years after fall of west Maintained and reinterpreted Roman traditions Challenged by Persians and Islamic empires Emperor Constantine 275-337 The “caesaropapist” emperors Byzantine emperors were both secular and religious leaders Constantine presided over the Council of Nicaea 325 CE Emperor Justinian Byzantine art The Byzantine Empire at the time of Justinian Tensions between the Eastern and Western Churches Latin versus Greek Byzantine more philosophical and intellectual; viewed western church as unsophisticated 8th-9th centuries debates over “iconoclasm” and other issues 1054 schism in the church Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches Allah in Arabic Arabia before Muhammad Arabia was situated between two world powers: Roman Byzantine Empire and Persian Sasanian Empire The Arabian peninsula was inhabited by nomadic, warring tribesbedouins Major religions of the region: Christianity and Zoroastrianism MUSLIM MUEZZIN CALLING PEOPLE TO PRAYER KORAN The Prophet, Muhammad Born c. 570 C.E. in Mecca At 40, he began to receive revelations from archangel Gabriel In 622 Muhammad and followers fled to Yathrib, later known as Medina [the hijra]. 622 = year one of the Muslim calendar In 630 Muhammad and followers returned to Mecca In 632 Muhammad led the first haj to the Ka’ba Muhammad died in 632 The Hijra - “Flight” Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE • Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society • (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma The Ka’aba PROPHET MUHAMMAD AT THE KA'BA WITH ANGEL SEIZING IDOLS Islam – Basic Beliefs Monotheism • “Do not say ‘three’—Allah is but one God. Allah forbid that he should have a son.” Prophecy – Muhammad “the Seal” Quran – literal word of Allah, in Arabic Angels – hierarchy, role of Gabriel Last Judgment GRAND MOSQUE IN MECCA The Five Pillars of Islam MUSLIMS MUST: Acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his prophet Pray five times daily, facing Mecca Fast each day during Ramadan Give alms to the weak and poor If able, make a pilgrimage [haj] to Mecca once in their lifetimes The Ka’ba at Mecca The Quran [Koran] “Recitations” It is considered the absolute and uncorrupted word of God It should be chanted and studied in the original Arabic, other versions are considered “translations” or “interpretations” Muslims at Prayer Islam in Indonesia The Opening In the name of God the Compassionate the Caring Praise be to God lord sustainer of the worlds the Compassionate the Caring Master of the day of reckoning To you we turn to worship and to you we turn in time of need Guide us along the road straight the road of those to whom you are giving not those which anger upon them not those who have lost the way. Organization Sunna – hadith, or traditions of Muhammad Sharia – Quran + Sunna = The Law Ulema and Imams – like rabbis “Sabbath” – Friday noon, Mosques BUT No priests, no hierarchy, no pope, no idols, no sacraments, no original sin, no separation between church and state, no sabbath. “Bestseller in Mideast: Barbie With a Prayer Mat” NYT 9/22/05 Women in Islam Muhammad sought to improve the treatment of women Muslims adopted the pre-existing Byzantine and Persian custom of veiling to observe “modesty” as required for Muslim women and men The Quran enjoins women believers to “lower their gaze and be mindful of their chastity, and not to display their charms [in public] beyond what may [decently] be apparent thereof.” 24:31 Similarities: Judaism, Christianity, Islam Yahweh, God, Allah: One god, the same god Same lineage All have holy books All require acts of faith All advocate ethical and moral behavior All originate from histories of opposition and persecution All claim Jerusalem as a holy city The Temple Mount in Jerusalem: Featuring the Western Wall and Dome of the Rock Holy City of Jerusalem The Western Wall Dome of the Rock Church of the Holy Sepulcher Sunni / Shia Schism Sunni: • Largest branch of Islam • Believe in the legitimacy of the earliest caliphs • Believe the role of the caliph is to protect the divine law, act of judge, and rule over community Shia: • Minority opposition to Sunni • Believe leadership should reside in the line of Ali • Believe that the caliph can interpret the Quran and law; that he possesses inward knowledge Arabia before Muhammad Arabia was situated between two world powers: Roman Byzantine Empire and Persian Sasanian Empire The Arabian peninsula was inhabited by nomadic, warring tribes Major religions of the region: Christianity and Zoroastrianism Chronology of the Islamic Empires 570-632 Life of Muhammad 661-750 Umayyad Dynasty 750-1258 Abbasid Dynasty 1096-1204 Crusades from Europe 1258 Mongol capture of Baghdad The Islamic Empires EARLY EXPANSION OF MUSLIM RULE Conversion by the sword? No. Islam transcended tribal divisions and united Arab tribes Conquests were not about conversion by the sword but about uniting Arab tribes and expanding Arab territory “People of the Book” were not pressured to convert Non-Muslims paid higher taxes so Arabs had “little material incentive to encourage conversion” Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 Time of conquest but little conversion Control monopolized by Arabs which caused tension Abbasid Dynasty 750-1258 The “golden age” of Islam Islamic empires revived the economic unity of the region and became the hub between Asia and Europe Time of the “Muslim synthesis” Harun al Rashid Baghdad the capital The “Muslim Synthesis”-First World Civilization? Muslims merged the scientific and intellectual traditions of Greece and India and enhanced them with their own commentary They preserved Greek philosophy at a time that Europe was a “cultural backwater” LES MUSULMANS AU XIIIE SIECLE - CARAVANE EN MARCHE TOWER OF AGADEZ MOSQUE, NIGER DOME OF THE ROCK MOSQUE, ISRAEL INTERIOR OF AYASOFYA MOSQUE, FORMERLY THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA, ISTANBUL ARABS DOING BUSINESS WITH MEDIEVAL MERCHANTS TRADE ARTERIES OF TRADE AND TRAVEL IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD, TO 1500 “First World Civilization”