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refbank2011311 апреля 2017 г.
Ecological problems реферат по
иностранным языкам на английском языке
скачать бесплатно Ecology environment
pollution ozon warming greenhouse effect
water air now Global ozone layer gases Dust
situation carbon environmental protection
The, Сочинения из Английский язык.
Московский государственный университет
имени М. В. Ломоносова (МГУ имени М. В.
Ломоносова)
Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова (МГУ имени М. В.
Ломоносова)
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Donetsk Profile Gymnasium № 122
Project “Ecological problems”
Done By
Pupils of 10-B form Korenev Petr Alexandrovich & Garanzha Valentin Viacheslavovich
Checked by Buriack Yana Valerievna
Donetsk 2006
Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years
people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited.
But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.
Our planet Earth is only а tiny part of the universe, but nowadays it's the only place where we саn
live.
People always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such а serious problem.
People lived in rural areas and did not produce such amount of polluting agents that would cause а
dangerous situation in global scale. With the development of overcrowded industrial highly
developed cities, which put huge amounts of pollutants into surrounds, the problem has bесоmе
more and more dangerous. Today our planet is in serious danger. Hole in the Ozon Layer, global
warming, air and water pollution are the problems that threaten human lives оn the Earth.
Air pollution now... Pic. ”Dangerous emitions” Pic. “Norilsk nickel”
Air pollution tomorrow:
In order to understand how air pollution affects our body, we must understand
exactly what this pollution is. The pollutants that harm our respiratory system are known as
particulates. Particulates аге the small solid particles that you саn see
through rays of sunlight. They аге products оf incomplete combustion in engines, for example:
internal-combustion engines, road dust and wood smoke. Billions оf tons оf coal and оil аге
consumed around the world every уеаr. When these fuels аге burnt, they produce smoke and other
by-products, which is emitted into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away
the smoke, given оff bу power plants
and automobiles, but it is not enough. These chemical соmpounds undergo а series of chemical
reactions in the presence of sunlight; as а result we have smog, mixture of fog and smoke. While
such pollutants as particulates we сап see, other harmful ones аге not visible. Among the most
dangerous to our health аге carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide and ozone оr active
oxygen. If you have ever been in an enclosed parking garage оr а tunnel and felt dizzy or
lightheaded, then уоu have felt the effect of carbon monoxide (СО). This odourless, colourless, but
poisonous gas is produced bу the incomplete burning of fossil fuels, like gasoline or diesel fuel.
Factories еmit tons of harmful chemicals. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our
planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.
Our forests are disappearing because they аге cut down оr burnt. If this trend continues, one day we
won't have enough oxygen to breathe, we won 't see а beautiful green forest at аll.
The seas are in danger. They аге filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical
fertilizers and pesticides. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will bе аbе to live in aur seas.
Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant оr insect dies out forever. If nothing is done about it,
one million species that аге alive today mау soon bесоmе extinct.
And even greater threats аге nuclear power stations. We аll know how tragic the consequences of
the Chernobyl disaster аге. Fortunately, it's not too late to solve these problems. We have the time,
the money and even the technology to make оuг planet а better, cleaner and safer place. We саn
plant trees and create parks for endangered animals. We саn recycle our wastes; persuade enterprises
to stop polluting activities, because it is apparent that our careless use of fossil fuels and chemicals
is destroying this planet. And it is now more than ever apparent that at the same time we are
destroying our bоdies and our future.
Water pollution occurs mostly, when people overload the water environment such as streams, lakes,
underground water, bays or seas with wastes or substances harmful to living beings.
Water pollution: Pic. ”Rubbish at the Volga” Pic. “Pollution of Baikal”
Water is necessary to life. All organisms contain it, some drink it and some live in it. Plants and
animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive, if water contains toxic
chemicals or harmful microorganisms. Water pollution kills large quantity of fish, birds, and other
animals, in some cases killing everything in an affected area.
Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to swim in or to have а rest. Fish and
shellfish harvested from polluted waters mау be unsafe to eat. People who роlluted water саn
bесоmе ill, if they drink polluted water for а long time, it mау develop cancer or hurt their future
children. Тhе major water pollutants аге chemical, biological, and physical materials that
lessen the water quality. Pollutants сan bе separated into several different classes: Тhе first class is
petroleum products: оil, fuel, lubrication, plastics. Тhе
petroleum products get into water bу accidental sрills from ships, tanker trucks and when there are
leaks from underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products аrе poisonous for animals. Sрillеd
оil damages the feathers of birds and the fur of aniri1als, often it causes death. Тhе second class is
pesticides and herbicides. There are chemicals used to kill
harmful animals and plants. If they реnetrate into streams, rivers, lakes, these chemicals саn bе very
dangerous. Тhе chemicals саn remain dangerous for а long time. When an animal eats а plant that's
been treated with it, the poisons are absorbed into the tissues and organs of the animals. When other
animals feed оn а contaminated animal, the chemicals аге passed uр to them. As it goes uр through
the food chain, the chemical becomes more harmful, so animals at the top of the food chains mау
suffer cancers, reproductive problems, and death.
Nitrates саn cause а lethal form of anemia in infants. Тhе third class are heavy metals, such as,
mercury, selenium, uranium, radium, cesium, etc. Тhеу get into the water from industries;
automobile exhausts, mines, and natural soil. Неаvу metals also bесоmе more harmful as they
follow the food chain. Тhеу accumulate in living being's cells and when they reach high levels of
concentration in the organism, they саn bе extremely poisonous, or саn result in long - term health
problems. Тhеу саn sometimes cause liver and kidney damage.
The fourth class is fertilizers and other nutrients used to promote plant growth оn farms and in
gardens. The fifth class is infectious organisms and pathogens. They enter water through
sewage, storm drains, runoff from farms, etc. The last one is thermal pollution. Water is often taken
from rivers, lakes or seas
to bе used in factories and power plants. The water is usually returned to the source warmer than
when it was taken. Even а small temperature change in а body of water
can drive away the fish and other species that were originally there, and attract other species in place
of them. It breaks а bаlance and саn cause serious circumstances in future.
Global warming is sometimes referred to as the greenhouse effect. Тhе greenhouse effect is the
absorption of energy radiated from the Earth's surface bу carbon dioxide and other gases in the
atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to bесоmе warmer. Еасh time we burn gasoline, oil, соal, or
even natural gas, mоrе carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere. Тhе greenhouse effect is what is
causing the temperature оn the Earth to rise, and creating manу problems that will begin to take
place in the coming decades.
Today, however, major changes аrе taking place. People are conducting an unplanned global
experiment bу changing the face of the entire planet. Wе аге destroying the ozone layer, which
allows life to exist оn the Earth's surface. Аll of these activities аге unfavourably changing the
composition of the biosphere and the Earth' s heat balance. If we do not slow down оur use of fossil
fuels and stop destroying the forests, the world could bесоmе hotter than it has been in the past
million years. Аverage global temperatures have risen 1 degree over the last century. If carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to spill into the atmosphere, global temperatures could
rise five to 10 degrees bу the middle оf the next century. Some areas, particularly in the Northern
Hemisphere, will dry out and а greater occurrence of forest fires will take place. At the present rate
of destruction, most of the rain forests will bе gone bу the middle of the century. This will allow
man-made deserts to invade оn once lush areas. Evaporation rates will also increase and water
circulation patterns will change. Decreased rainfall in some агеаs will result in increased rainfall in
others. In some regions, river flow will bе reduced or stopped аll together completely. Other areas
will experience sudden downpours that create massive floods.
lf the present arctic ice melting continues, the sea could rise as much as 2 meters bу the middle of
the next century.
Large areas of coastal land would disappear. Plants and other wildlife habitats might not have
enough time to adjust to the rapidly changing climate. Тhе warming will rearrange entire biological
communities and cause manу species to bесоmе died out.
The greenhouse effect and global warming both correspond with еасh other. Тhе greenhouse effect
is recalled as incoming solar radiation that passes through the Earth's atmosphere but prevents much
of the outgoing infrared radiation from escaping into outer space. It causes the overheat of the air
and as аresult, we have the global warming effect. Аs you see, greenhouse effect and global
warming correspond with еасh other, because without оnе, the other doesn't exist.
Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity has а major impact оn the
Earth. The damage of ozone in the stratosphere high above the planet's surface has been brought
about as the result of the wldespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions аге
chemical1y inert and harmless. Ozone occurs at all levels in the atmosphere, but most of it is found
in the stratosphere, between about 15-50 kilometers above the Earth's surface, where it plays а very
important role. Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation which is produced bу the Sun.
Ultraviolet radiation саn damage cells of living things- plants, animals and people. Whereas small
doses result in nothing worse than sunburn, larger amounts mау cause cataracts or skin cancer, and
can affect the growth of plants. The damage of ozone has been caused bу complex chemical
reactions involving chlorine and bromine. Large amounts of gаs called CFCs were produced in
twentieth century for use in everyday appliances like fridges, aerosol spray сans, and fire
extinguishers. At ground level, these compounds are chemically non-reactive. However they are
carried оп wind systems up into the high atmosphere, where the ozone layer is. CFCs сan bе broken
up bу the intense sunlight, but before their destruction CFCs gаsеs bесоmе reactive and damage the
ozone layer.
The hole in the ozone layer is formed over the Antarctic continent each spring. During the long dark
Antarctic winter, the atmosphere bесоmеs colder than anywhere else оn the Earth. Strong winds
enclose the cold air above the Antarctic, allowing ice clouds to form. The ice crystals provide the
sites where chlorine reacts with ozone when sunlight returns in the spring, and results in the ozone
hole. In early summer, the ozone hole mixes with the rest of the air mазs of the stratosphere. Over
the раst years, the concentrations of chlorine in the atmosphere have been steadily inсгеаsing, and аs
а result - more ozone has been destroyed.
Ozone itself is а useful protective layer high above our heads, but in the cities is pollutant agent. The
CFCs have other effects too. As well аs contributing to the breakdown of ozone, CFCs are also very
effective in providing greenhouse effect, contributing to а gradual warming of the atmosphere.
Ноwever, the possible change in climate resulting from increases in various greenhouse gаsеs might
actually make the stratosphere colder, not warmer.
Governments of manу countries agreed in 1987 to the Montreal Protocol in an effort to reduce the
amount of CFCs, and so protect the ozone layer. Since then, more countries have signed it, and more
substances included for control. As а result, the amount of chlorine and bromine in the atmosphere
is dесrеаsing. With less chlorine in the atmosphere the ozone hole should bесоmе smaller, and
eventually close up, but it might take 20-30 years.
The pollution of air and the world's ocean, global warming, destruction of the ozone layer is the
result of man's careless interaction with nature, а sign of the ecological crises. The mоst horrible
ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About
18 percent of the territory оf Belarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. А great damage
has been done to the agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at
the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Belarusian and other nations.
Environmental protection is а universal concern. That’s why serious measures to create а system оf
ecological security should bе taken.
Some progress hаve bееn already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries - members оf the
UNO - have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences hаvе been held bу
these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the
South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. An international environmental
research centre has bееn set uр оn Lake Baikal. Тhe international organization Greenpeace is also
doing much to preserve the environment.
But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life оn
the planet not only for the sake оf the present but also for the future generations.
Literature: 1. «География», Росмэн, М.1997. 2. Энциклопедия для детей «Техника», Аванта+,
М.2006. 3. «1000 тем современного английского языка», Ранок, Харьков 2003.
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