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Chapter 30: Nations, Industry and Empires(Grade 10)
Section One: Nationalism in Europe (Pages 892-897)
In 1789, the French Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen.
 This document insisted that political authority, or sovereignty,
could not be found in any individual, such as a king.
(Sovereignty instead came from the nation) Thus the idea that
power should be distributed became a popular notion with time.
 Nation: Group of people with a common language, culture,
ethnicity or religion.

The American and French revolutions led to a new kind of state—
the Nation State. (A state in which citizens are united by shared
interests, such as religion, language, culture, or law.)
Rise of Nationalism:
The concept of the nation-state was relatively new and each empire or
kingdom governed a variety of ethnic groups or cultures.
 People within each group began to view themselves as members
of a nation.

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
Feeling of unity as a nation is known as Nationalism.
The ideas slowly developed and thus the idea that each nation
should have its own government that represented its people
arose.
The idea that each nation should have its own constitution also
developed.
Revolutionary France:
o Nationalism + Political Equality + Constitutional
government.
o Napoleon’s conquests helped spread these ideas through
Europe. (National movements also developed in resistance
to Napoleon where nationalists started to demand freedom
from kings/foreign rule).
o After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, European powers met at
the Congress of Vienna and they reestablished the balance
of power in Europe.
o Monarchs regained their authority.
o The people have already had a taste of what freedom and
equality could bring, thus they revolted.
o 1820: Revolts in southern Italy and in Spain were soon
repressed by Austria, Prussia and Russia. (They agreed to
end nationalist revolts and keep monarchs in power)
o 1821: Greek nationalists rebelled against the Ottoman
Empire, European leaders decided to assist Greece in
gaining their independence because they wanted to force
the Ottomans out of Europe.
o 1827: Coalition of Great Britain, France and Russia
demanded the Ottomans grant Greece their independence,
which they gained in 1832.
Unification of Germany:
Nationalist ideals soon spread to German-speaking peoples, who were
divided into many separate states. German nationalists struggled to unify
German speakers into a nation-state.
 Congress of Vienna established the German confederation.
(Austria, Prussia and 37 German states) – the leader wanted to
keep society under the control of monarchs, the nobility and
wealthy property owners.
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
Germans wanted more say in their government, thus nationalists
worked to establish a German nation-state.
1862: Ottovon Bismarck was appointed prime minister of
Prussia.
o He wanted to keep monarchy in power but he needed to
make changes to satisfy the people. (Well-known for his
policies of negotiation and compromise).
o Plan to unify Germany under Prussian leadership: built a
powerful army, won battles and gained territory.
o 1871: King William I of Prussia became emperor of
Germany, with Bismarck as his chief political leader.
o Bismarck introduced new social welfare programs to
maintain stability and prosperity: He introduced insurance
to help workers who became sick or injured. Also
introduced retirement pensions to pay people who were
too elderly to work.
Unification of Italy:
Northern Italy was the most industrialized, prosperous region with the
strongest kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia.
 There were many regional divisions within Italy thus a secret
organization called the Carbonari started to gain members.
(Dedicated themselves to Italian independence).
 Three men were responsible for the unification and independence
of Italy.
o Giuseppe Mazzini: Championed democracy and social
equality, organized several secret societies to promote
Italian independence.
o Giuseppe Garibaldi: Joined forces with Mazzini and soon
became the leader of the new Republic of Rome.
o King Victor Emmanuel II (his minister Count Camillo):
Tried to unify Italy, after Garibaldi’s forces conquered the

kingdom of the two Siciles, they organized votes to unite
South and Northern Italy.
Nations of Italy and Germany finally formed, but by then the
concept of nationalism had become a powerful force in European
Politics.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS TO REVIEW FOR THE EXAM:
Page 897: Q 1, 2, 5, & 7
Chapter 30: Nations, Industries & Empires
Grade 10
Section Two: Industrial Revolution (Pages 898-905)
The Revolution Begins:
(1760-1840) Period of dramatic changes in Britain= The Industrial
Revolution.
 New sources of energy allowed machines to replace the muscle
power of humans and animals.
 The Industrial Revolution was linked to an agricultural revolution.
o Advances of farming methods made food production more
efficient.
o Increased food production – Population Increase –
Increased demand for goods (textiles=cloth).
o Merchants thought up new ideas to increase production of
goods.


James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny (a machine that
spins thread more quickly)
Edmund Cartwright: developed a steam-powered
loom to turn thread into cloth. (This started
industrialized textile manufacturing)
The mechanical loom was powered by steam,
which was created through the burning of coal.
Thomas Newcomen: used coal to power a steam
engine.
James Watt: created a steam engine that could be
used in a variety of industries. Watt’s steam engine
drove the Industrial Revolution. It was used in
factories in mines. Eventually, the steam engine
powered steamships and locomotives, or trains.
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Socialism:
Demand for workers’ rights and better working conditions inspired a new
economic ideal called socialism.
 The workers, rather than private individuals would own the
farms, factories and other businesses that produce and distribute
goods.
 Socialists wanted to develop a world in which all would benefit
from wealth. (Believed in mix of public and private ownership)
 Founder of Socialism: Robert Owen.
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
Many socialists wanted increased voting and political rights for
workers.
Louis Blanc, one of the most prominent French socialists, thought
the state should organize factories to guarantee employment for
all adult citizens.
The Ideas of Marx:
Socialism was later further influenced by radical critics of industrial
society.
Karl Marx: German newspaper editor who became one of the most
important social philosophers.
 Different economic classes held power in different historical eras.
o These economic classes were in constant conflict with one
another because the rich took advantage of the poor.
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
Viewed the owners of factories and businesses as the abusers of
the working class.
Marx’s ideas spread long after his death in 1883.
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR EXAM:
Page 905: Q 2, 3, 4, 5
Chapter 30: Nations, Industries & Empires
Grade 10
Section Three: Imperialism
Causes of Imperialism:
 Europe needed raw materials to create its industrial products.
o Africa, Asia and Latin America were important sources of
rubber, cotton and coconut and palm oil.
o Many European nations were producing more and more
goods at lower costs. (A need for new markets or large
populations arose)
 One of their biggest market = USA
 Africa
 Asia
 Latin America
o Britain’s growing empire alarmed other nations, the race
for acquiring more lands was on. National pride fueled this
competition and the creation of national identities grew
just as important.
o The concept that Westerners and Europeans shared was
that their race and religion was superior. Thus imperialism
gave them an excuse to spread their ideas, religion and
culture so as to “civilize” the “others”.
REVIEW FOR EXAM:
READING CHECK QUESTION Page 907.
Page 913: Q 2, 5