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Emergence of Modern Europe Nationalism and Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century Overview of Major Topics Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815) Modern Political and Cultural Ideologies Mid-Century Revolutionary Movements Realpolitik – The State Triumphant Western Imperialism Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna Historical Context Objectives • Balance of Power • Avoid Future Wars Methods • Restoration of Monarchy • Distribution of Land • Congress System Prince Clemons von Metternich - Leader Prince Clemons von Metternich Approach to Balance of Power France Restoration of Bourbon Dynasty Territorial Boundaries of 1792 No War Reparations Great Powers •Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain •Added Territory as compensation •Within Europe •Colonies Congress System Meet to Settle Disputes Important Decisions France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange. Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler Switzerland was declared neutral Russia got Finland and effective control over the new kingdom of Poland Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province. Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice) Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas. France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII. Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII Europe in 1815 Significance of Congress of Vienna Conservative Response to Revolutions No Major Wars until 1914 Established Foundation for Strong Central State Modern Ideologies Liberalism • Twin Concepts • Equality & Liberty Economic Liberalism: Laissez Faire • Two Thinkers • Mill – Limits of Personal Liberty • Bentham – Greatest Good for Greatest Number Socialism French Utopian Socialism - Economic Planning by State (National Government) • Rights of Workers • Restrict Ownership of Private Property • Social Justice – Housing & Needs of Poor Marxism Socialism • Structure of Historical Determinism • Revolution, Not Planning Pierre-Joseph Proudhon “What is Property?” Nationalism Defining Principle – • Peoples had own genius and cultural unity • Common language, History, Territory Political Basis: Liberalism • Extension of Universal Manhood Suffrage: Government of the People • People Shared Common Interests Advanced in 19th Century by • Industrialization & Urbanization – Critical Mass of People • Education “Imagined Communities” Emotionally Charged Symbols & Ceremonies Ambiguous • Liberal & Democratic • Ideas of National & Cultural Superiority Romanticism Revolt Against Enlightenment Advocated Feeling, Freedom, Natural Goodness Expressed in Art, Music, Literature Infused into Political Ideals of Democratic Revolutions … Mid Century Revolutionary Movements (1830, 1848) Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Causes Liberal & Radical Response to Conservative Forces of Restoration Economic Depression – Impact of Industrialization Display of Liberalism, Socialism, Nationalism and Romanticism Forces Based on Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism Coalitions of “Have – Nots” – Middle Class Merchants and Working Class Artisans and Workers Limited to No Gains Impact National Movements throughout Most of European Nations • Revolutionaries of “Have – Not’s” • Middle Class Merchants Working Class Artisans and Skilled/Unskilled Workers • Consequences • No Immediate Gains – Coalitions Did Not Work • Signaled to “State” a Need to Meet Demands of Revolutionaries • Surge of Nationalism Revolutions in Europe 1830, 1848 Examples of Change in Great Britain Examples of Change – Great Britain Context: Corn Laws of 1815 • Provisions – Gave “Voice” to the People: • House of Commons – The Legislative Body • Redistribution of Representation to Urban, Industrialized Areas • Increased Suffrage by 50% - Extended to Middle Class & Farmers Regulated Working Conditions for Workers • Impact on Great Britain – Escaped Revolution in 1848 Examples of Change – Austrian Empire - Nationalism Principle: Nationalism • Peoples had own genius and cultural unity • 1815 1848 Common language, History, Territory Peoples of Hungary Demanded National Autonomy, Full Civil Liberties, Universal Suffrage Problem: Could Not Gain Unity Among Other Ethnic Groups in Eastern Section of Austrian Empire Partial Sharing of Political Rule Foreshadows Balkan Wars & World War I Age of Nationalism – Realpolitik The Making of an Emperor Characteristics of Nationalism (1850 – 1914) • Realpolitik • No Longer Lofty Vision Based on Liberalism • Hard-Headed Realism Based on Economic, Political, and Military Power The State is Above All Conservative Response to Passions of Liberalism & Socialism • Many Masks • Liberal and Democratic – United States Flourish in Dictatorial States – Conservative, Fascists, Communist Relationship Between Leader and People – By Passes Congressional Representation Model – France Authoritarian Nationalism of Louis Napoleon III (1848 – 1871) Elected by Universal Manhood Suffrage Restricted Rights of Assembly Hereditary Emperor • Leader Served the People • Managed Economy Workers Rights Actions Defused Impact of Socialists & Liberals Model of Realpolitik: Unification of Germany Series of Small States Prussia – Most Dominate German Confederatio n – 1830 Industrializa tion & Trade - Zollverin Prussia – Unify Germany Agenda: Unify German States with Prussia as Leader Decrease Power of Austria in Trade and Influence • Increase Power of Military • Double Size of Army Higher Taxes for Defense • Liberal Parliament • More Control • Rejected Increase in Military Solution: Count Otto von Bismarck Most Important Figure in German History Between Luther & Hitler Master of Realpolitik Pragmatic: “one must always have two irons in the fire..” Tough: “The great questions of the day will .. be decided .. by blood & iron…” Actions – A Call To Arms… Continued to Collect Taxes and Reorganize Army Used War – “Outside Threat” – To Gain Support of Prussian People Two Targets: Provoked Austria & France to Declare War Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austro-Prussian War (1866) “Reason” – Scheleswig – Holstein • • Objectives Shock & Awe • • Consequences Disbanded German Confederation Replaced by North German Confederation & Alliance with Southern German States Shifted Political Control Away from Parliament Reduce Power of Austria • • Franco Prussian War (1870 -1871) To Unify Germany – Southern German States Outside “Threat” – France France Declared War on Prussia to “Teach it a Lesson” Decisive Victory by Unified Northern German Confederation (Prussia) and Southern German States Creation of German Empire Creation of the German Empire The Spoils of Victory • Terms of the Peace: Harsh • Pay 5 billion francs • Cede Alsace – Lorraine Humiliated France • Creation of German Empire • In this painting, King William I and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck celebrate the creation of the German Empire • Hall of Mirrors, the Palace of Versailles