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Transcript
BACTERIA Chapter 20.2 1 Agenda November 10 – Day 4 Bacteria Notes Bacterial Disease Poster Project 2 This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria 3 Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch 4 Evolution/Classification Prokaryotes The oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms. Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can. Grouped based on: Structure, physiology, molecular Composition, reaction to specific types of stain (Gram Positive/Gram Negative). Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria Archaebacteria 5 Kingdom Archaebacteria First discovered in extreme environments Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea. Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents 6 Depending on the species, bacteria can be aerobic which means they require oxygen to live or anaerobic which means oxygen is deadly to them. Green patches are green sulfur bacteria. The rust patches are colonies of purple non sulfur bacteria. The red patches are purple sulfur bacteria. Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP. 8 The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria 9 Kingdom Eubacteria Can have one of three basic shapes 1. Bacilli – rod-shaped 2. Spirilla – spiral-shaped 3. Cocci – sphere-shaped o Can live in colonies •Strepto – in chains •Staphylo – grape-like clusters •Diplo – pairs 10 BACTERIA PICS 11 Bacillus bacteria are rod shaped 12 Coccus bacteria are ball shaped 13 Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape 14 Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea 15 Staphylo occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus that causes infections of cuts 16 Strepto- occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats 17 Cyanobacteria You may have seen them as "green slime" in your aquarium or in a pond. Cyanobacteria can do "modern photosynthesis", which is the kind that makes oxygen from water. All plants do this kind of photosynthesis and inherited the ability from the cyanobacteria. The Gram stain, which divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups, is the first step in bacterial identification. Bacteria stained purple/violet are Gram + - their cell walls have thick peptidoglycan. Bacteria stained pink are Gram – - Their cell walls have thin peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA Structure Function Cell Wall Protects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromosome Carries genetic information Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recombination Capsule & Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces Endospore Protects cell against harsh environments Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other cells Flagellum Moves the cell 20 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm 21 Eubacteria - Nutrition and Growth Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy Some are Chemoautotrophs. Many are Obligate Anaerobes. (live w/o O2) Ex. Some are Faculatative Anaerobes (can live w/ or w/o O2) Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus Escherichia Coli Some are Obligate Aerobes (need O2 to survive) Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 22 REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA 23 BACTERIA REPRODUCES BY FISSION First the chromosomal DNA makes a copy The DNA replicates 24 NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES The two resulting cells are exactly the same 25 In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids 26 Bacteria can reproduce sexually conjugation or asexually - binary fission. CONJUGATION 28 19.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria Key Concepts: 1. How do Bacteria cause disease? 2. How can Bacterial growth be controlled? Vocabulary: Pathogen, Vaccine, Antibiotic 29 Microorganisms Cause Disease The Who Louis Pasteur – French Chemist Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation Chapter 1 – What is it? Germ Theory of Disease Observed and hypothesized that microorganisms caused infection and disease Encouraged doctors and surgeons to sanitize and sterilize themselves and equipment 30 Microorganisms Cause Disease The How Some Bacteria need room to grow and reproduce, in order to do so, they destroy living tissue for food Other types of bacteria create toxins during growth and development which can destroy living tissue Disease results when bacteria interfere with an organisms ability to function properly. 31 Bacteria and Disease Disease Pathogen Areas affected Mode of transmission Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius Teeth Environment to mouth Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian Sexual contact Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Tick bite Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated wounds Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones coughs 32 Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers 33 Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers. 34 BOTULISM 35 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF 36 LYME DISEASE Berrelia burgdorferi Affects Skin and joints Transmitted by a Tick bite 37 Salmonella Affects the Intestine Transmitted through contaminated food and water 38 STREP THROAT 39 TUBERCULOSIS 40 Common Antibiotics Antibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive – Skin Ointment Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg. Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI 41 Antibiotics Anti – against Bio- life = against life, so antibiotics will only kill living things, which means they are ineffective against viruses (which aren’t alive) How do they work? They block the growth and reproduction of bacteria 42 Vaccines An injection of a weakened of killed pathogen Prompts the body to begin the primary immune response Secondary Immune response is then activated What is the Primary Immune Response? What is the Secondary Immune Response? Once the person comes in contact with the bacteria for a 2nd time, they will have antibodies ready and present to fight the disease 43 How to kill Bacteria Sterilization by Heat – Most bacteria can not survive high temperatures, so pathogens will be killed by exposure to high heat Disinfectants – chemical solutions that kill pathogens Food Storage/Processing – Refrigerator storage slows bacterial reproduction Boiling, Frying, Steaming – heat food to the point at which bacteria will be killed Preserved food – use of vinegar, salt and sugar to prevent food from spoiling due to bacterial contamination 44 Some Final Information Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat. MRSA Some Bacteria are Useful Ex. Producing and Processing food Breaking down dead organic material Make unripened cheese like ricotta and cottage by breaking down the protein in milk. 45