Download The Union in Crisis and the American Civil War

 Tactic used by the Union Navy in which Union ships
prevented merchant vessels from entering or leaving
the South’s ports, crippling southern trade.
 Labeled as the finest soldiers in the United States by General
Winfield Scott prior to the Civil War, Lee accepted command of
the Confederate Army out of duty to his native-state, Virginia,
even though he opposed secession and did not own slaves.
 2-part Union plan of attack devised by General Winfield Scott; 1st,
the Union would blockade southern ports, starving the South of
income and supplies. 2nd, the Union army would drive south
along the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two.
 The first large-scale battle of the Civil War; an invading Union force of
30,000 was stopped at Bull Run Creek near Manassas, Virginia and
retreated back to Washington D.C.
 The Battle of Bull Run proved to both North and South that the war
would not be a short engagement; reports of the carnage of the battle
shocked both sides as well.
 Thomas J. Jackson; Confederate general, second-in-command to
Robert E. Lee. A Virginia-Native, West Point graduate, and
devoutly religious, Jackson is the only General on either side who
was never defeated. He was killed by friendly-fire following the
Confederate victory at Chancelorsville in 1863.
 Irvin McDowell – Commander of Union forces in the Battle of Bull Run;
following defeat McDowell was relieved of duty and sent to Arizona to
fight against the Apaches.
 George B. McClellan – Second Commander of the Army of the Potomac
(Union Army of the East); McClellan trained the inexperienced army and
turned it into a skilled fight force, but his reluctance to lead the army
into battle forced Lincoln to remove him as Commander in 1862.
 Leader of the Union Army of the West during the Battle of Shiloh;
following the Union victory at Vicksburg, Grant became the last
General to command the Army of the Potomac, leading the Union to
victory over the Confederacy in 1865. He went on to become President
of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
 The deadliest battle in American History up to that time, in the battle of
Shiloh, in southwest Tennessee, 25,000 Union and Confederate soldiers
were killed or wounded.
 Confederate victory in northern Virginia which re-energized Lee
and the South following the Battle of Shiloh.
Closure Assignment #5
Answer the following questions based on
what you have learned from Chapter 11,
Section 1:
1. Which side do you think had the best longterm chances for victory at the start of the
Civil War? Why?
2. Choose two battles discussed in this section
and describe one effect of each.
3. Based on what you have read, how did Grant
and McClellan differ as military leaders?
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 “Captured War Supplies”; Union soldiers during the Civil War
freed and protected slaves in the south, claiming that African
slaves were contraband. This logic led to the freeing of thousands
of slaves before Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
 The bloodiest day of the American Civil War; 23,000 soldiers were
killed or wounded in this battle in Maryland. Though the Union
lost more men than the Confederacy, Lee’s Confederate army was
forced to retreat.
 This Union victory enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation
Proclamation.
 Emancipation Proclamation – Formally announced on 9/22/1862,
President Abraham Lincoln issued the military order proclaiming
that all enslaves people in the Confederate states would be
considered free by the United States on 1/1/1863.
 54th Massachusetts Regiment – The first all African American unit in
United States military history; by the war’s end more than 180,000
African American volunteers had served in the Union military.
 Income Tax – A tax based on an individual’s annual earnings; the first
Income Tax in the United States was introduced by Abraham Lincoln
during the Civil War to pay for military expenses.
 Homestead Act (1862) – Laws passed by congress which made western
lands available for settlement at a very low cost to those who would farm
it.
 Conscription – The practice of requiring specific citizens to join the
military; also known as the draft, conscription in the United States
was first introduced during the Civil War.
 Copperheads – Political organization in the Union during the Civil
War which opposed Lincoln’s conduct of the war and demanded an
end to the fighting.
 Constitutional right which protects a person from being held in
jail without being charged for a specific crime; During the Civil
War, President Lincoln suspended this right, empowering the
military to arrest people suspected of being disloyal to the
Union.
 One of the first professional female nurses; provided medical care to
solders during the Civil War. Following the war, Barton founded the
American Red Cross.
Closure Assignment #6
Answer the following questions based on what you
have learned from Chapter 11, Sections 2 and 3:
1. Do you think Lincoln was right to wait so long before
declaring emancipation? Why or why not?
2. How did wartime needs lead to limitations on
individual freedom in the North? Do you think such
actions were justified?
3. Why do you think nursing came to be a profession
dominated by women? Is this still true today?
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 Fredericksburg (December 13th, 1862) – Confederate victory in which
Lee’s Confederates defeated new Union General Ambrose Burnside, even
though they were outnumbered 120,000 to 80,000. Union casualties in
the battle were more than double those of the Confederacy.
 Chancellorsville (April 30th – May 6th, 1863)– Confederate victory in the
which drove the Union army, led by General Joseph Hooker, from
Virginia. However, shortly after the battle General Stonewall Jackson
was killed by friendly fire, leaving Lee alone to command the
Confederate army.
 Vicksburg (May 18th to July 4th , 1863) – Site of a successful Union
siege led by General Ulysses S. Grant at the last Confederate fort
on the Mississippi River. Union victory split the Confederacy in
two, separating Texas and western territories from the east.
 Siege – A military tactic in which an army surrounds, bombs, and
cuts off all supplies to an enemy position in order to force it to
surrender.
 The key turning point of the American Civil War; Union victory
against Lee’s Confederate Army near this small town in
Pennsylvania crippled the Confederate Army, forcing Lee to
retreat back to Virginia, signaling the last invasion of the
Confederates on to Union soil.
 Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain – Leader of a Union unit from Maine
which successful defended the southern edge of the Union lines at the
Battle of Gettysburg. For his bravery, Chamberlain was given the honor of
receiving the official Confederate Surrender at Appomattox Court House
in 1865.
 George Pickett – Leader of the final Confederate charge at the Battle of
Gettysburg on July 3rd, 1863; thousands of Confederates were killed by
Union rifle and canon fire, ending the battle as a Union victory.
 William Tecumseh Sherman – Second-in-command to General Grant, following
Grant’s call to serve as commander of the Army of the Potomac Sherman acted as
commander of the Union Army of the West, leading 60,000 troops on a 250 mile
march through the hear of the Confederacy in 1864 from Tennessee to Savannah,
Georgia.
 Total War – The practice of attacking civilians as well as soldiers in order to
weaken the enemies economy and the will of the people that support the army.
Closure Assignment #7
 Answer the following questions based on what you have
learned from Chapter 11, Section 4:
1. Using examples from this section, write a general
definition of the term turning point.
2. In the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln stated that the
purpose of the war was to ensure “that this nation…
shall have a new birth of freedom – and that
government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.” What do you
think he meant?
3. Why do you think General Sherman felt justified in
destroying civilian property during his march through
Georgia.
Closure Question #1: What alternatives did the South face in
February 1865? Do you think they made the right choice?
 In the summer of 1864, Grant continued his bloody drive toward Richmond. But
at Petersburg, about 20 miles south of Richmond, the Confederacy made a
desperate stand. Petersburg was a vital railroad center. If Grant captured it, he
could cut all supply lines to Richmond. As he had at Vicksburg, Grant turned to
siege tactics. Throughout the summer and fall and into the winter, his forces
tightened their grip around Petersburg. Both sides dug trenches and threw up
fortifications to guard against attack. By March 1865, the two opposing lines of
defense stretched for more than 30 miles around Petersburg.
 Fighting was fierce. Union troops suffered more than 40,000 casualties. The
Confederates lost 28,000 men. However, unlike Grant, Lee had no replacement
troops in reserve. As the siege of Petersburg wore on, Union strength grew in
comparison to the Confederate defenders. With the Confederate position truly
desperate, southerners began to talk of peace. In February 1865, a party led by
Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens met with Lincoln to discuss a
feasible end to the war. However, these discussions produced no results. The
Confederate delegation was unwilling to accept a future without slavery.
 Petersburg – Last major battle of the American Civil War; located 20
miles south of Richmond, General Grant laid siege to General Lee’s
army from the Summer of 1864 to April 2nd, 1865, ending with the
retreat of General Lee’s army and the Union capturing the capital of
the Confederate States of America.
 Appomattox Court House – Site of the surrender of General Robert
E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant’s
Army of the Potomac on April 9th, 1865. Though some Confederate
armies would not surrender until June 1865, Lee’s surrender marked
the end of the American Civil War for all real purposes.
Closure Question #2: What was Lincoln’s attitude toward the
defeated South? How do you think his death might have
affected plans for reuniting the country?
 Despite the failure of the February 1865 meeting, Lincoln was
confident of an eventual victory. He now began to turn his
attention to the process of bringing the Confederate states
back into the Union. This would be no easy task. Many
northerners had a strong desire to punish the South harshly.
 Lincoln had a different goal. While committed to the defeat
of the Confederacy and an end to slavery, he believed that
the Union should strike a more generous stance with the
rebellious states. At the beginning of March, in his Second
Inaugural Address, Lincoln declared his vision of a united
and peaceful nation. “With malice toward none,” Lincoln
said, Americans should “do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and lasting peace.”
 Assassin who shot and killed President Abraham Lincoln in Ford’s
Theater in Washington, D.C. on April 14th, 1865; just 5 days after Lee’s
surrender at Appomattox Court House.
Closure Question #3: Why do you think a larger percentage of
American troops died in the Civil War than in any other
American war?
 The United States had never experienced a war like the Civil War. Some
individual battles produced casualties greater than the United States had
previously sustained in entire wars. When the war was over, more than 600,000
Americans were dead. Hundreds of thousands more were maimed. The Civil
War ushered in the harsh reality of modern warfare. For the first time, ordinary
citizens could see the carnage of the battlefield through the photographs of
journalists such as Matthew Brady. His exhibition, “The Dead at Antietam”,
provided graphic evidence of the terrible realities of war.
 As a result of the war, the southern landscape was in shambles. Many
Confederate soldiers returned to find their homes and farms destroyed.
Millions of dislocated white southerners drifted aimlessly about the South in
late 1865. Defeat had shaken them to the very core of their beliefs. Some felt
that they were suffering a divine punishment, with one southerner mourning,
“Oh, our God! What sins we must have been guilty of what we should be so
humiliated by Thee now!” Others, however, came to view the Civil War as a lost,
but noble cause. These white southerners kept the memory of the struggle alive
and believed that, eventually, the South would be redeemed.
Closure Assignment #8
Answer the following questions based on Chapter 11,
Section 5:
1. What alternatives did the South face in February
1865? Do you think they made the right choice?
2. What was Lincoln’s attitude toward the defeated
South? How do you think his death might have
affected plans for reuniting the country?
3. Why do you think a larger percentage of American
troops died in the Civil War than in any other
American war?
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