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Essential Question:
Atom to Minerals Power Point Guided Notes
Matter is composed of __atoms__.
 Atoms are different depending on the number of their subatomic particles.
 That is atoms can have a different number of ___protons__, __neutrons__, and
___electrons___.
 When atoms have consistent characteristics they are called __elements__.
An element is matter that is made up of the atoms that have the same number of _protons
_ in their nucleus.
 But not all atoms of the same element are the same.
 Some elements have the same number of protons but a different number of
neutrons in the nucleus, these are called ___isotopes__.
Most substances on Earth are not pure elements but rather ___compounds__, two or
more elements that have been chemically combined.
 Compounds cannot be easily separated into individual elements.
 On the other hand, a __mixture__, is two or more elements that have not been
chemically combined and can be separated by physical means.
 _Elements_ by themselves are much less common than compounds, but they do
exist.
Elements and compounds in their _solid_ form make up __minerals__.
 A ___mineral___ is a naturally occurring __inorganic__ solid with a definite
___chemical___ composition and a ___crystalline__ structure.
Minerals have __five__ characteristics. The characteristics are:
1. Inorganic
2. Solid
3. Occurs Naturally
4. Definite chemical structure
5. Atoms arranged in the orderly pattern
Summary:
Essential Question:
There are about __4000__ minerals on Earth.
 More than __90%__ percent of the mineral in the Earth’s crust are made up of
compounds containing ____Silicone___ and __Oxygen__. These are the two
most abundant elements on Earth.
 The amount of silicate in ___magma__ determines a lot of the characteristics of
the _mineral_ and ultimately the rock that forms.
 High Silica content for __light__ colored minerals and rocks.
 Lower (only about 25% less) __silica__ content forms ___dark___ colored
minerals and rocks.
How do minerals form?
They form in three different ways.
1. They form in cooling magma chambers. Different types of minerals crystallize at
different ___temperatures___.
 The __size__ of the mineral crystal is determined by the rate of
__cooling__ of the magma.
 The slower it cools the __larger the crystals and the quicker it cools the
__smaller_ the crystals.
 Minerals in lava can form __crystals__ since lava cools much faster than
magma, however, these crystals are very small.
 Magma is underground and cools much __slower__, so crystals have a
chance to grow much larger
2. Metamorphic Minerals. Some minerals occur as the result of __
recrystallization___ and __reaction__ within existing rocks due to heat and
pressure. The heat and pressure causes new minerals to form.
3. Evaporation of liquids (evaporates). Some types of minerals form as water
containing dissolved ___ions__ slowly evaporates.
 Minerals in solution can form relatively __quickly__ when the water pr
other solution evaporates.
Minerals have a ___crystalline___ structure.
 A ___crystal__ is a regular __geometric__ solid with smooth surfaces called
__crystal__ faces.
 The ___orderly__ arrangement of ions, molecules or atoms in any mineral
determines the shape of the its _crystal_.
 Although there are thousands of different types of __minerals__, there are only
__six_ basic types of shapes.
Summary:
Essential Question:
Basic shapes:
1. Cubic
2. Tetragonal
3. Triclinic
4. Hexagonal
5. Monoclinic
6. Orthorhombic
With all the different types of minerals, one must use __physical__ and ___chemical___
properties to identify the mineral. Geologists inspect minerals and perform simple tests
to determine their __physical__ properties.
Physical Properties:
1. Color: is the most easily observed, but least reliable property of as mineral for
identification.
2. Streak: is color of the powder left on the plate when the mineral is rubbed on.
3. Luster: is the way in which a mineral shine in the light.
Type of Luster: metallic and non-metallic
4. Cleavage: is the tendency of the mineral to split in a particular direction.
5. Fracture: is the tendency of a mineral to break in direction other than along
crystal faces or cleavage surface.
6. Hardness: is a resistance of the mineral to being scratched.
Though there are over 4,000 known minerals, only _____30__ are known as
___common__ mineral.
 The minerals in the ___Silicate__ group are the most common rock-forming
minerals.
 Other rock-forming mineral groups are ___Carbonites____, ___sulfides__, and
__oxides___.
Summary: