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Lesson 1
Rise of Greek Civiliza0on Mountains & Seas
•  Greece was the 1st civiliza0on to develop in Europe and the westernmost part of Asia. •  Greek civiliza0on began in an area dominated by mountains & seas. •  The Greek mainland is on the southern part of Europe's Balkan peninsula. •  About the size of Louisiana •  Regions major bodies of water: 1.  Aegean Sea 2.  Mediterranean Sea 3.  Ionion Sea Current Map of Greece
Greek Communi6es
•  Many Greeks lived near the coast; however, the ones who didn’t were separated by large mountains and deep valleys which made them very independent. •  The Greeks fished and traded for a living; those who lived inland farmed •  Wheat, barley, olives, and grapes; raised sheep and goats Early Civilizations
An Island Civiliza8on •  Greek myths describe an early civiliza0ons that developed on Crete (an island). •  Knossos-­‐ a cite on Crete was discovered about A.D. 1900. •  A palace of a legendary king named Minos was found. The palace includes: 1.  Numerous rooms 2.  Large outdoor theater 3.  Bathrooms 4.  Workshops •  The Minoans built the palace. Their civiliza0on was the 1st to develop in the Aegean region but they were not Greeks. A Mainland Civiliza6on
•  Some0me around 1450 B.C., the Minoan civiliza0on collapsed. •  Around 2000 B.C., the Mycenaeans le[ their homeland in central Asia and moved into mainland Greece. •  By mid-­‐1400s B.C., the Mycenaeans had conquered the Minoans and controlled the Aegean Sea. •  The Mycenaens were proud of their military successes in the Trojan War. The Trojan War
•  Myth or historical? •  Around the 1800s, Heinrich Schliemann discovered the ruins of a palace in Mycenae amongst other ruins at ancient Troy, some of which give indica0on to a baale that occurred there. •  hap://www.history.com/topics/
ancient-­‐history/trojan-­‐war •  haps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=MS4jk5kavy4 The Mainland Civiliza6on
•  By 1100 B.C. the Mycenaean civiliza0on declined and was taken over by the Dorians, a Greek-­‐
speaking group. •  The next 300 years were considered the Dark Age for Greek history where trade slowed, people were very poor and stopped keeping records or wri0ng. •  When they emerged from the Dark Age, the people who returned to Greece and formed various communi0es under local leaders were called the Hellenes. The Greek Alphabet
•  As trade increased once again, the Greeks’ need for wri0ng was once again important. •  They adopted the Phoenicians’ alphabet and made it their own. •  It contained 24 leaers that represented different sounds. •  Simplified reading and wri0ng in the Greek language. Greek City State
•  Greek city-­‐states were made up of a town or city & the surrounding area. •  Each city-­‐state or polis, was like an independent country. •  The polis was the basic poli0cal unit of Greek civiliza0on. •  At the center of each polis was a fort built on a hilltop. •  The hilltop that a fort stood on was called an acropolis. •  Greeks built temples on the acropolis to honor local gods. •  Outside the acropolis was an open area called an agora (marketplace). People could also debate issues, choose officials, pass laws, & carry out business here. Greek Citizenship We owe many of our ideas about ci3zenship to the ancient Greeks.
Who was a Greek ci8zen? •  Members of a poli0cal community with rights & responsibili0es. •  Male ci0zens made most of all poli0cal decisions. •  Ci0zens had the responsibility to serve in government & fight for their polis as ci0zen soldiers. 1.  Wars were fought by wealthy nobles riding horses & chariots. 2.  Ci0zens called hoplites made up the city-­‐state armies. 3.  Hoplites fought on foot in a unified forma0on called a phalanx. •  Only free, land-­‐owning men born in the polis could be ci0zens. •  They believed the responsibility to run the city-­‐state was theirs because the polis was made up of their property. Lesson 2
Sparta and Athens: City-­‐State Rivals Poli6cal Changes
•  As Greek city-­‐states grew, wealthy nobles seized power from kings •  Owners of small farms resented the power of the nobles •  Many had borrowed money from nobles to buy their land; in turn, this meant that the nobles could take away their land at any minute, leaving the farmers to find work in the city or even sell themselves as slaves. •  By 650 B.C., small farmers wanted poli0cal change and a greater voice in government. •  Merchants and ar0sans also called for reforms, as they had earned a good living in the growing city-­‐states. •  However, because they did not own land, they were not considered ci0zens, meaning they had no role in ruling the polis. Political Changes
•  Growing unrest led to the rise of tyrants. •  The common people of Greece supported the tyrants when they overthrew the nobles during the 600s B.C. •  Under the tyrants, most city-­‐states developed into either oligarchies or democracies. 1.  Oligarchy-­‐ a few wealthy people hold power over the larger group of ci0zens. 2.  Democracy-­‐all ci0zens share in running the government. •  Two of the major city-­‐states, Sparta & Athens, were governed differently and created very different socie0es. Sparta: A Military Society
•  The Spartans descended from the Dorians who invaded Greece in the Dark Age. •  They invaded neighboring city-­‐states and enslaved the local people called helots “capture”. •  The helots revolted against their Spartan masters but were not successful. •  From that point the Spartans stressed military discipline. •  This would create more obedient and loyal ci0zens. Spartan Military Training
Boys to Men •  Prepared all boys & men for a life war. •  Boys le[ home at age 7 to join the military. •  In military camps they learned how to read, write, & use weapons. •  They were treated harshly. Leaders believed harsh treatment would turn young boys into adults who could survive the pain of ba8le. •  Men entered the regular army at 20. •  Could marry during their 20’s but not allowed to live at home. They stayed in military camps. •  They could live at home when they reached 30 but con0nued to train for combat. •  Could finally re0re from the army at age 60! Women in Sparta
Since many Spartan men lived away from home, women enjoyed more freedom than the women of other Greek city-­‐states. •  They could own property and travel. •  Girls trained in sports, such as wrestling. •  They remained physically fit to fulfill their roles as mothers. •  Their main goal was to raise sons who were brave, strong Spartan soldiers. •  Spartan women expected their men to either win or die in baale. Sparta’s Government
Sparta’s Government
•  Government-­‐ Oligarchy •  Two kings ruled jointly, but had liale power. •  Their only du0es: 1.  Lead the army 2.  Carry out religious ceremonies •  Governing bodies: 1.  The Assembly -­‐made decisions about war & peace 2.  Council of Elders-­‐ Most powerful & served as judges. They were the only officials that could order execu0ons or exile. 3.  Ephors-­‐ enforced the laws and managed the collec0on of taxes. Athens: A Young Democracy
Athens was founded by the descendants of the Mycenaeans & differed from Sparta in its ideas about society & government. Boys to Men…The Athenian way •  Boys studied subjects such as arithme0c, geometry, drawing, music, & public speaking. •  They also par0cipated in sports. •  Athenians believed that this type of educa0on produced young people with strong minds & bodies. •  At age 18, when boys finished school, they were expected to take an ac0ve role in public affairs. Athenian Women
•  Athenian women educated their daughters at home. •  Girls were taught spinning, weaving, & other household du0es. •  In some wealthy families, they learned to read, write, & play music. •  Women were expected to marry & care for their children. •  For the most part, women were not ac0ve in business & government. Toward Democracy
A government by the people.
Who helped form this government? Solon •  Ended farmers debts & freed those who were enslaved. •  Opened the assembly & law courts to all male ci0zens. •  The assembly was responsible for passing laws wriaen by a council of 400 wealthy ci0zens. Peisistratus •  Rela0ve of Solon & made reforms that went even further than Solons. •  Divided large estates among farmers with no land. •  Provided loans to help farmers buy equipment. •  Gave ci0zenship to Athenians who did not own land. •  And hired the poor to construct temples & other public works. Cleisthenes •  Prizing democracy, Cleisthenes made the assembly the city-­‐state’s major governing body. •  Created a new council of 500 ci0zens. •  His reforms made the government of Athens more democra0c. Lesson 3
Greece and Persia Persia’s Empire
•  While Greek City-­‐States were going through changes in their governments, the Persians were building a large empire in southwest Asia. •  Located in the area that we now call Iran •  In the 500s B.C., a Persian king named Cyrus the Great built a powerful army and conquered Mesopotamia, Syria and Judah. •  He also conquered Greek City-­‐
States in the area of Anatolia (present day Turkey). Persia’s Empire
•  At this point, the Persian empire became the largest in the ancient world. •  Cyrus ruled fairly and allowed the people he conquered to keep their own languages, religions, and laws. •  Persia controlled Egypt, western India, and lands northeast of Greece. Persia’s Empire
•  The Persians improved the network of roads that had been built by the Assyrians. •  They built an important road called the “Royal Road”, where travelers could get food, water, and fresh horses at roadside sta0ons. •  Before this road was built, it would take a messenger about three months to travel from Persia to Anatolia (Susa to Sardis). •  Using the road, this trip was cut to just seven days! Persia’s Empire
•  The Persian empire con0nued to expand even a[er Cyrus the Great no longer ruled. •  From 522 B.C. to 486 B.C., Darius I ruled Persia. •  He divided the empire into provinces to make it easier to manage. •  The provinces were called satrapies and were ruled by a governor called a satrap. •  The satrap collected taxes and recruited soldiers for the Persian army. Zoroastrianism
•  At first, the Persians worshipped many gods. •  However, around the 600s B.C., a religious teacher named Zoroaster started preaching a new religion called Zoroastrianism. •  It taught that there was one god, named Ahuru Mazda who was the creator of all things and the leader of the forces of good. •  He believed that people were free to choose between good and evil but at the end of 0me, goodness would win. •  Persian kings began to believe that that ruled by the power of Ahura Mazda. The Persian Wars
•  In the 400s B.C., the Persians wanted to expand their empire into Europe. •  Because of this, they soon clashed with the Greeks, who had a very different civiliza0on. •  The Persians believed in an all-­‐
powerful king. •  The Greeks believed that ci0zens should choose their own rulers. The Persian Wars
•  In 499 B.C., a group of Greek city-­‐states in Anatolia controlled by Persia revolted, with the Athenians sending warships to support the Greek rebels. •  King Darius I was angry at Athens for interfering and therefore, the Persians crushed the Greek rebellion. The Persian Wars
•  In 490 B.C., Darius I sent a fleet of 600 ships to invade Greece and landed at Marathon. •  The Athenians knew they were outnumbered by the Persians and that if aaacked, they would lose. •  Luckily for them, the Persians decided to board their ships and aaack Athens by sea. •  When the strongest Persian figh0ng units were on the ships, the Athenians decided it was the best 0me to aaack. •  The Persians suffered a horrible defeat The Persian Wars
•  According to Greek legend, a young runner raced to Athens with the news of the Athenian victory against the Persians. •  He ran all the way from Marathon to Athens and when he arrived yelled out, “Victory!” •  He then fell and died from exhaus0on. •  Today, marathon races are named for that famous run (this distance was about 25 miles) The Persian Wars
•  A[er their defeat against the Athenians, the Persians vowed revenge. •  In 480 B.C., new Persian king Xerxes invaded Greece with a large army and thousands of warships that even had their own supply ships. •  The Greek city-­‐states joined together to fight the Persians, with Sparta’s King Leonidas supplying the most soldiers and Themistocles of Athens direc0ng the Greek navy. •  Their plan was to aaack the Persian supply ships in order to cut off the Persian army’s supplies. The Persian Wars
•  For three days, Spartan soldiers fought bravely against the Persians at Thermopylae; however, they could not stop the Persians. •  Many troops abandoned the baale •  Only 300 Spartan soldiers remained and fought to the death •  The Spartans’ epic and heroic fight gave Themistocles and the Athenians 0me to carry out the plan where the Athenian fleet lured the Persian fleet into the strait of Salamis near Athens. •  The large, heavy Persian ships crowded together in the channel/strait •  The smaller Greek ships could maneuver more easily through the strait •  The Greek navy destroyed most of the Persian fleet. The Persian Wars
•  Even a[er they lost most of their naval fleet, the Persians con0nued to aaack. •  They marched to Athens and burned the city to the ground. •  Finally, in 479 B.C., the last baale was fought where the Greek forces defeated the Persians at Plataea (northwest of Athens) because they had beaer weapons than before. The Persian Wars
•  A[er this defeat, the Persian empire could no longer defend itself and began to fall. •  The people grew unhappy with their government and paying heavy taxes. •  The royal family disagreed on who should rule. •  In the 300s B.C., Persia was invaded by a Greek ruler named Alexander, paving the way for an even larger empire than before. Lesson 4
Glory, War and Decline The Rule of Pericles
•  When the Persian wars ended, Athens became a powerful city-­‐
state. •  From 461 B.C., to 429 B.C., Athens enjoyed a golden age as the economic and cultural center of Greece. •  Athens had a direct democracy where the ci0zens of Athens met up to debate and vote on government maaers. •  The U.S. has a representa0ve democracy where we elect people to govern and make laws for us. The Rule of Pericles
•  In ancient Athens, direct democracy worked because of the small number of ci0zens. •  At the assemble mee0ngs, ci0zens made policy on war, foreign affairs, passed laws, and elected officials, known as generals. •  A[er the Persian Wars, the most important general in Athens was Pericles. •  Pericles: The Rule of Pericles
•  Led the city-­‐state for more than 30 years •  Gave people posi0ons in government based on their abili0es •  Did not care which social class people belonged to •  Brought ordinary Athenians into government •  Rebuilt Athens a[er the Persians burned it •  Supported ar0sts, writers, and teachers •  Philosophers also flourished •  Athens became a great center of knowledge Athenian Life
•  At its height, about 285,000 people lived in Athens. •  Not all these people were ci0zens though. •  Only about 43,000 males had poli0cal rights. •  Women, foreign-­‐born men, and slaves could not be ci0zens and had no poli0cal rights. Athenian Life
Athenian Men: Athenian Women: •  Worked as farmers, ar0sans and •  Girls married in their mid-­‐teens merchants •  Du0es were to have children and •  Worked mornings and exercised take care of the households in the a[ernoons •  Women from poor households •  Would discuss poli0cs and sold goods at the marketplace or philosophy during social dinners did farm work •  Women from upper-­‐class homes spun, dyed, and wove cloth •  They rarely le[ home and when they did, needed to have a male family escort. Athenian Life
Athenian Women: •  Could not aaend school but learned to read and play music •  Educated women in Athens were not considered equal to men •  Women could not par0cipate in poli0cs or own property •  Were always under the care of males Athenian Slaves: •  Most Athenian households had at least one slave •  Many of these slaves were prisoners of baales •  They included both Greeks and non-­‐
Greeks •  Worked on farms and in the shops of ar0sans while some did hard labor •  Enslaved women were cooks and servants in wealthy homes •  Some0mes they were teachers to upper-­‐class children Slavery helped Athens develop a thriving economy War Between Athens and Sparta
•  Greek city-­‐states learned over 0me that their survival depended on coopera0on. •  Even a[er the Persian Wars, Persia remained a threat. •  In 478 B.C., the Greek city-­‐states joined together to form a defensive league called the Delian League in order to defend themselves against Persia. •  Sparta did not join •  Headquarters on island of Delos •  Drove the Persians out of Anatolia •  Increased trade and Greece became richer War Between Athens and Sparta
•  The Delian League failed •  In 433 B.C., Athens interfered with some of Sparta’s allies, who then pressured Sparta to aaack Athens. •  This conflict is called the Peloponnesian War because of Sparta’s loca0on in Peloponnesus •  At the funeral ceremony for soldiers and sailors killed in baale, Pericles made a famous speech called the Funeral Ora0on. •  He gave the reasons that democracy is worth figh0ng for War Between Athens and Sparta
•  A[er about two years, a deadly disease broke out in Athens and killed about 1/3 of the the people, including Pericles. •  Over the next 25 years, each side won some victories but neither side was able to defeat its opponent. •  Finally, Sparta made a deal with the Persians where they gave Persia some territory in Anatolia and Persia gave Sparta money for a navy. •  In 405 B.C., Sparta’s new navy destroyed the Athenian fleet, causing them to surrender. War Between Athens and Sparta
•  Because of the Peloponnesian War: •  Brought disaster to the Greek city-­‐states •  Governments were le[ weak and divided •  Many people died in baale and from disease •  A[er the war: •  Sparta ruled its new empire much like Athens had ruled •  Sparta’s allied city-­‐states grew angry at the harsh treatment •  While the city-­‐states fought each other, a kingdom to the north was growing: Macedonia. •  This kingdom’s strength would cause the Greek city-­‐states their independence.