Download Revolutions in Europe

Nationalist Revolutions in
Europe
Philosophical Conflict
• Conservatives  wealthy property
owners & nobility
– Wanted traditional monarchies
• Liberals  middle-class businessmen &
merchants
– Wanted to give more power to elected
parliaments, but with voting restrictions
• Radicals  favored drastic change &
democracy
– Liberty, equality, & brotherhood
Nationalism Emerges
• Nationalism
= the idea that people’s
loyalty should be to their
nation
• Nation-states
= nations with own
independent government
– Supported by middle-class
liberals
Nationalists Challenge Conservative
Power
• Greek independence
• Nationalist uprisings in Belgium against
Dutch control
• Polish uprising against Russian rule
• Italian states opposed ruled by Austria
• Revolutions of 1848 broke out across
Europe
– Revolutionaries failed to stay united
– Conservatives regained power & returned to
conservative governments prior to 1848
Results of Nationalism
Positive Results
• Overcame
differences for
common good
• Overthrow of colonial
rule
• Democracy
• Spurred scientific &
technological
advancements
Negative Results
• Forced assimilation
of minority cultures
to majority
• Ethnic cleansing
• Extremism
• Warfare
Radicals Change France
• 1830, King Charles X forced to flee
• The Third Republic
– Political factions within the republic led to violence
• In 1848, Louis-Napoleon (nephew) won
presidential election
• In 1852, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte took title of
Emperor Napoleon III
– Reforms & public works
Reform in Russia
• Feudalism prevented Russian
empire from economic
advancement
• Russia defeated by Ottoman
Empire in Crimean War
• Alexander II modernized
Russia
– Freed the serfs in 1861
(Edict of Emancipation)
– Assassinated
• Alexander III tightened
control but continued
industrial expansion
Nationalism & Nation-States
• Did nationalism create unity or disunity?
• Authoritarian rulers used nationalism to their
advantage
• Revolutions!
Nationalism in Austria
• Aging Austrian Empire of
the Hapsburg dynasty
– Slovenes, Hungarians,
Germans, Czechs, Slovaks,
Crats, Poles, Serbs, &
Italians
• Prussia defeated Austria
in 1866
• Emperor Francis Joseph
of Austria split empire in
half
– Austria-Hungary or
Austro-Hungarian Empire
– Did not split into separate
nation-states until WWI
Nationalism in Russia
• Czars had ruled for 370 years
• Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians,
Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians,
Armenians, Turks, etc.
• Romanov dynasty determined to maintain control
– Policy of Russification
– Strengthened nationalist feelings towards ethnic
backgrounds, disunified Russia
– Due to WWI & Russian Revolution,
the last Romanov czar gave up
power in 1917
Nationalism in Italy
• Italian nationalists looked to for leadership
from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
• Sardinia’s king Victor Emmanuel II named
Count Camillo di Cavour
as his prime minister
• Cavour used diplomacy &
alliances to gain control
of northern Italy for
Sardinia
Nationalism in Italy
• Cavour’s greatest block to
annexing northern Italy was
Austria
• Cavour, with French help, began
war against Austrians
• Cavour successful in taking
northern Italy
Nationalism in Italy
• Italian nationalists in southern Italy,
the Red Shirts, were led by Giuseppe
Garibaldi (who always wore red shirt)
• Cavour secretly helped these
nationalists
• Garibaldi agreed to unite southern areas
with Piedmont-Sardinia and let the
Sardinian king rule.
• Italian forces took over Papal States,
which Italy gave control over Rome
– Vatican city still controlled by pope
“Right Leg in the Boot at Last”
• 1860 British cartoon
– king of Sardinia is
receiving control of
lands taken by
nationalist Garibaldi
Germany Unites
• 39 German states formed loose
grouping of German Confederation
• Prussia led German unification because
it’s popul. was mainly German and its
army was most powerful
German Unification
• Conservative members of Prussia’s
wealthy landowning class, known
as Junkers, supported Wilhelm I’s
belief that parliament was a
challenge to the king’s authority.
• Otto von Bismarck, a conservative
Junker, was elected prime
minister by Wilhelm I and used a
tactic known as realpolitik, or
“politics of reality” (tough, not
based on theories)
German Unification
• Bismarck declared he would rule
without parliament’s consent and
without a budget because these
actions were in violation of
constitution
• Instead, he believed that issues are
resolved not by speeches but by
“blood and iron”.
• Prussia’s victory in the Seven
Week’s War unified the eastern and
western parts of the Prussian
kingdom for the first time.
German Unification
• The majority of southern Germans were Catholics, and
resisted domination by a Protestant Prussia.
• Bismarck won support of southerners by going to war
with France
• After victory in the Franco-Prussian War, Wilhelm I
was crowned kaiser, or emperor, of the new empire
known as the Second Reich
– Holy Roman Empire was the “First Reich”
Shift in Power
• Congress of Vienna
established five
great powers of equal
strength
• However….
– European balance of
power breaks down
Nationalism Unites Italy
• Italy formed from
territory of crumbling
European empires
• Count Camillo di Cavour
named prime minister of
Sardinia
– Successfully gained
control of northern Italy
• Italian nationalist
Giuseppe Garibaldi
captured Sicily
– “Red Shirts”
– United southern Italy –
put under Sardinian rule
“Right Leg in the Boot at Last”
• 1860 British cartoon
– king of Sardinia is
receiving control of
lands taken by
nationalist Garibaldi
Nationalism Unites Germany
• Germany had achieved national unity in mid1800s as German Confederation
– Still dominated by Austrian Empire
• Prussia ready to unify Germany
– Otto von Bismarck, a conservative Junker, chosen as
prime minister by Wilhelm I
– Realpolitik = “politics of reality” (touch power politics
with no room for idealism)
– Victory in Seven Weeks’ War and Franco-Prussian
War
• King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned kaiser
(emperor) of Germany’s Second Reich
Shift in Power
• Congress of Vienna
established five
great powers of equal
strength
• However….
– European balance of
power breaks down
Question Break
7) What did the Austrian Empire become
known as?
8) State the significance of the following
individuals
Camillo di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Otto von Bismarck
9) What did Prussian King Wilhelm I
become known as?