Download Chapter 8 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

Chapter 8 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
Day 1 Notes
A. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
1. Revolution in Haiti (Saint Domingue)
a. Saint Domingue (Known as Haiti today): the first Latin American territory to free itself from
European rule.
i. 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on plantations, outnumbered the slave owners.
ii. Slave owners used brutal methods to terrorize slaves and keep them powerless.
iii. Boukman: African Priest calls for a revolution
iv. Toussaint L’Ouverture: Will become the leader of 100,000 men who rise up and
revolt against the slave owners.
1. Will be successful in taking over the eastern 2/3 of Hispaniola.
2. French troops are sent to end the rebellion; Toussaint agrees to stop as long as
the French will end slavery.
3. The French agree to this but Toussaint will later be arrested and charged with
planning another upraising and sent in to prison in the French Alps where
after 10 months he dies.
v. Jean-Jacques Dessalines: Toussaint’s general, will continue the fight for freedom
after Toussaint is gone
1. On January 1, 1804 he will declare the colony an independent country.
2. He will call it Haiti which means “Mountainous Land”
2. Latin American society was divided into 3 groups:
a. Peninsulares: Men who were born in Spain. Only they could hold high office Spanish
colonial government.
b. Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America, ranked after Peninsulares. Could rise as officers
in the Spanish colonial army but could not hold high offices in government.
c. Mulattos: persons of mixed European and African ancestry.
3. Creoles will lead movement for independence: When Napoleon removed King Ferdinand VII from
the Spanish throne and replaced him with his brother Joseph; creoles said they would not follow a
king imposed upon them by the French. They felt that with no true king power shifted to the people.
a. Simon Bolivar: Was a wealthy creole called the Libertador. Native of Venezuela will lead
Venezuela to independence.
b. San Martin: Was born in Argentina but spent much of his youth in Spain as a career military
officer. Argentina declares its independence but Spanish troops in Chile and Peru will still
threaten Argentina. He will lead his army to attack Chile with the help of the viceroy of Peru
and will free Chile.
c. Simon Bolivar and San Martin: These two will meet up with their armies in Ecuador. San
Martin will leave his army with Simon Bolivar. San Martin will set sail for Europe but will
soon after die. Simon Bolivar’s army will defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho
(Peru) on December 9, 1824. This gains the Spanish colonies of Latin American their
freedom.
4. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule:
a. Miguel Hidalgo: priest in the small village of Dolores he believed in the Enlightenment
ideals. He is going to call for rebellion against the Spanish. His Indian and mestizo
followers will begin to march on Mexico City. The group numbered 60,000 men. The
Spanish army and creoles will join forces and destroy the rebels.
b. Jose Maria Morelos: After the defeat of Hidalgo he will pick up as leader of the rebellion.
Leads revolution for 4 years until his defeat by creole officer Agustin de Iturbide.
c. Agustin de Iturbide: Liberals take over the Spanish government and the creoles of Mexico
feared losing their privileges so they unite and support the independence movement. Iturbide
will make peace with the rebel leaders for independence and will declare Mexico’s
independence.
Chapter 8 Day 2 Notes
A. Independence in South America:
a. Brazil’s independence: The royal family of Portugal will flee to Brazil when Napoleon invades
Spain and Portugal to shut down ports that were supplying Britain with goods. Brazil will be the
center of the Portuguese empire. After Napoleon’s defeat the royal family will go back to
Portugal but the people of Brazil did not want to go back to being a colony.
b. The creoles of Brazil pass around a petition asking Dom Pedro (son of the King John of
Portugal) to rule Brazil. He will take control of Brazil and they will become independent from
Portugal.
B. Nationalism Changes Europe:
a. Three forces will struggle for supremacy in European societies:
i. Conservatives: wealthy property owners and nobility, argued for protecting the
traditional monarchies of Europe.
ii. Liberals: middle-class business leaders and merchants, wanted to give more power to
elected parliaments but only parliaments in which the educated and landowners could
vote.
iii. Radicals: favored drastic change to extend democracy to the people as a whole.
Believed government should practice the ideals of the French Revolution
b. Nationalism: a new movement that holds the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a
king or an empire but to a nation of people who share common culture and history.
i. Nation-state: This is developed when a nation has its own independent government.
C. Nationalism Sparks Revolts:
a. Greece:
i. Controlled by the Ottomans
ii. Demanded independence as they kept alive the memory of their ancient history and
culture.
iii. Found support around the world for independence, Russians, Educated Europeans and
Americans.
iv. British romantic poet Lord Byron made a personal gift to the Greek fleet and ended up
commanding a group of Greek soldiers. He will later die when he catches a fever.
v. In 1827, combined British, French and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the
Battle of Navarino. Greece will gain its independence.
b. Failed revolutions:
i. Belgium will declare its independence from Dutch control
ii. Poles living in Warsaw under Russian rule will revolt. After a year Russia will be able to
crush this revolt.
iii. In Budapest, nationalist leader Louis Kossuth will call for a parliament and selfgovernment for Hungry.
iv. In Prague, Czech liberals demanded Bohemian independence.
c. Reform and Revolution in France:
i. King Charles X: king of France will try to return the government back to an absolute
monarchy. This will cause riots and Charles will be forced to flee for Britain.
ii. Louis-Philippe: favored liberal reforms but after 18 years will fall out of favor and will
be overthrown.
iii. Louis-Napoleon: Will be elected president in 1848. Four years later he will take the title
Emperor Napoleon III.
1. He will build railroads, encourage industrialization and promoted and ambitious
program of public works.
2. His policies will lead to a decrease in unemployment and a growing French
prosperity.
Chapter 8 Day 3 Notes
A. Reform and Change in Russia:
a. Czar Nicholas I: Will threaten to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War.
i. Russia’s industries and transportation systems failed to provide adequate supplies for the
troops and the end result was that Russia would lose the war to the combined forces of
France, Great Britain, Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire.
b. Alexander II: Wanted to move Russia to modernization and social change, wanted to compete
with the western world.
i. Made a decree abolishing serfdom. Serf communities (not individual serfs) received half
the farmland in Russia and each community had 49 years to pay the government for the
land. This made serfs still in debt and tied to the land.
ii. The rest of the land was given to rich nobles and the nobles were paid for the land that
was taken.
iii. Reforms will end when terrorists will assassinate Alexander II
c. Alexander III: Will tighten czarist control on the country.
i. Encouraged industrial development to expand Russia’s power.
ii. Major driving force behind industrial expansion was nationalism.
B. Nationalism: During the 1800’s it will fuel efforts to build nation-states. Nationalists were not loyal to
kings but to their people (to those who shared common bonds)
a. Bonds include: common history, culture, world-view, or language.
b. Believed that people of a single nationality should unite under a single government.
C. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
a. Three aging Empires were made up of a jumble of ethnic groups. When nationalism emerges in
the 19th century ethnic unrest will threaten these empires.
i. Austro-Hungarian Empire of the Hapsburgs
ii. Russian Empire of the Romanovs
iii. Ottoman Empire of the Turks
b. Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
i. Empire made up of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Coats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs
and Italians.
ii. In 1866 Prussia defeats Austria in the Austro-Prussian War.
iii. Prussia will gain control of the new North German Federation
iv. Under pressure from Hungarians, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria will split his empire
in half making Austria and Hungary independent states with him ruler of both.
c. Russian Empire Crumbles
i. Russian czars ruled 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles, and smaller numbers of
Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and
Turks.
ii. Russian leaders practiced Russification (imposing Russian culture on all the ethnic
groups in the empire) this only led to stronger feelings of nationalism. These will later
lead to the communist revolution.
D. Unification of Italy
a. Giuseppe Mazzini: Will organize a nationalist group called Young Italy. No one under 40 was
allowed to join. In 1848, eight states on the Italian peninsula will revolt and Mazzini will head a
republican government a Rome. Once the revolt failed Mazzini will be forced into exile.
b. Piedmont-Sardinia: the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. Italian nationalists looked
to this kingdom for leadership.
i. Sardinia’s King Victor Emmanuel II will name Count Camillo di Cavour (a wealthy
middle age aristocrat who worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power) as his
prime minister.
Chapter 8 Day 4 Notes
ii. Cavour wanted to gain control northern Italy. French emperor Napoleon III will help
Cavour to drive Austria out of northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. This will
cause a war with Austria. The French-Sardinian army will defeat Austria and will take
all of North Italy except for Venetia.
iii. In the South part of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi leads a small nationalists army and captures
Italy. He wore a red shirt so his followers were called “Red Shirts”. In an election voters
gave Garibaldi the right to unify all of the southern parts of Italy he conquered with the
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let the Sardinia king
rule Italy.
iv. Italy would still face problems with peasant revolts and the differences between the
industrial north and agricultural south.
E. Unification of Germany
a. Prussia was largely made up of a German population.
b. Wilhelm I succeeded Friedrich Wilhelm to the throne. He wanted to reform the army and
double the power of the military. Parliament refused to give him money. He will name Otto von
Bismarck (a conservative Junker, members of Prussia’s wealthy land owning class.) as his Prime
Minister.
c. Bismarck practiced realpolitik (the politics of reality). This means tough power politics with no
room for idealism. He will declare that he will rule without consent of parliament and a legal
budget. He told parliament “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or
majority decisions but by blood and iron”
i. Will make an alliance with Austria and get in a war with Denmark and will gain the
territories Schleswig and Holstein
ii. Austria and Prussia will get in a war over control Holstein, this war will be called the
Seven Weeks War. Prussia will take control of northern Germany and the eastern and
western parts of the Prussian Kingdom will be united for the first time.
iii. Franco-Prussian War: France will declare war on Prussia. (Bismarck will publish a
telegram where it seems that Wilhelm King of Prussia insults the French). Napoleon III
will be captured at Sedan. Paris will hold out for four months till hunger forces them to
surrender. Prussia now gains control of the southern part of Germany, completing
German unification. King Wilhelm I will be crowned Kaiser or emperor and called the
empire the Second Reich.
F. Revolutions in Art
a. Romanticism: movement in art and ideas that showed deep interest in both nature and in the
thoughts and feelings of the individual. Reacted against the ideas of the Enlightenment.
i. Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm: collected German fairy tales and created a dictionary and
grammar of the German language.
ii. Emily Bronte: English writer, wrote the romantic novel Wuthering Heights.
iii. Victor Hugo: French writer of Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
iv. Mary Shelley: wrote one of the earliest and most successful Gothic horror novels
Frankenstein.
v. Ludwig van Beethoven: Created the Ninth Symphony. At age 30 he started to go deaf.
b. Realism: Tried to show life as it is, not as it should be.
i. Charles Dickens: English novelist works showed the despair of London’s working poor.
ii. Honore de Balzac: wrote a massive series of almost one hundred novels entitled The
Human Comedy.