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Chapter 8 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West Day 1 Notes A. Latin American Peoples Win Independence 1. Revolution in Haiti (Saint Domingue) a. Saint Domingue (Known as Haiti today): the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule. i. 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on plantations, outnumbered the slave owners. ii. Slave owners used brutal methods to terrorize slaves and keep them powerless. iii. Boukman: African Priest calls for a revolution iv. Toussaint L’Ouverture: Will become the leader of 100,000 men who rise up and revolt against the slave owners. 1. Will be successful in taking over the eastern 2/3 of Hispaniola. 2. French troops are sent to end the rebellion; Toussaint agrees to stop as long as the French will end slavery. 3. The French agree to this but Toussaint will later be arrested and charged with planning another upraising and sent in to prison in the French Alps where after 10 months he dies. v. Jean-Jacques Dessalines: Toussaint’s general, will continue the fight for freedom after Toussaint is gone 1. On January 1, 1804 he will declare the colony an independent country. 2. He will call it Haiti which means “Mountainous Land” 2. Latin American society was divided into 3 groups: a. Peninsulares: Men who were born in Spain. Only they could hold high office Spanish colonial government. b. Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America, ranked after Peninsulares. Could rise as officers in the Spanish colonial army but could not hold high offices in government. c. Mulattos: persons of mixed European and African ancestry. 3. Creoles will lead movement for independence: When Napoleon removed King Ferdinand VII from the Spanish throne and replaced him with his brother Joseph; creoles said they would not follow a king imposed upon them by the French. They felt that with no true king power shifted to the people. a. Simon Bolivar: Was a wealthy creole called the Libertador. Native of Venezuela will lead Venezuela to independence. b. San Martin: Was born in Argentina but spent much of his youth in Spain as a career military officer. Argentina declares its independence but Spanish troops in Chile and Peru will still threaten Argentina. He will lead his army to attack Chile with the help of the viceroy of Peru and will free Chile. c. Simon Bolivar and San Martin: These two will meet up with their armies in Ecuador. San Martin will leave his army with Simon Bolivar. San Martin will set sail for Europe but will soon after die. Simon Bolivar’s army will defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, 1824. This gains the Spanish colonies of Latin American their freedom. 4. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule: a. Miguel Hidalgo: priest in the small village of Dolores he believed in the Enlightenment ideals. He is going to call for rebellion against the Spanish. His Indian and mestizo followers will begin to march on Mexico City. The group numbered 60,000 men. The Spanish army and creoles will join forces and destroy the rebels. b. Jose Maria Morelos: After the defeat of Hidalgo he will pick up as leader of the rebellion. Leads revolution for 4 years until his defeat by creole officer Agustin de Iturbide. c. Agustin de Iturbide: Liberals take over the Spanish government and the creoles of Mexico feared losing their privileges so they unite and support the independence movement. Iturbide will make peace with the rebel leaders for independence and will declare Mexico’s independence. Chapter 8 Day 2 Notes A. Independence in South America: a. Brazil’s independence: The royal family of Portugal will flee to Brazil when Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal to shut down ports that were supplying Britain with goods. Brazil will be the center of the Portuguese empire. After Napoleon’s defeat the royal family will go back to Portugal but the people of Brazil did not want to go back to being a colony. b. The creoles of Brazil pass around a petition asking Dom Pedro (son of the King John of Portugal) to rule Brazil. He will take control of Brazil and they will become independent from Portugal. B. Nationalism Changes Europe: a. Three forces will struggle for supremacy in European societies: i. Conservatives: wealthy property owners and nobility, argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. ii. Liberals: middle-class business leaders and merchants, wanted to give more power to elected parliaments but only parliaments in which the educated and landowners could vote. iii. Radicals: favored drastic change to extend democracy to the people as a whole. Believed government should practice the ideals of the French Revolution b. Nationalism: a new movement that holds the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share common culture and history. i. Nation-state: This is developed when a nation has its own independent government. C. Nationalism Sparks Revolts: a. Greece: i. Controlled by the Ottomans ii. Demanded independence as they kept alive the memory of their ancient history and culture. iii. Found support around the world for independence, Russians, Educated Europeans and Americans. iv. British romantic poet Lord Byron made a personal gift to the Greek fleet and ended up commanding a group of Greek soldiers. He will later die when he catches a fever. v. In 1827, combined British, French and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino. Greece will gain its independence. b. Failed revolutions: i. Belgium will declare its independence from Dutch control ii. Poles living in Warsaw under Russian rule will revolt. After a year Russia will be able to crush this revolt. iii. In Budapest, nationalist leader Louis Kossuth will call for a parliament and selfgovernment for Hungry. iv. In Prague, Czech liberals demanded Bohemian independence. c. Reform and Revolution in France: i. King Charles X: king of France will try to return the government back to an absolute monarchy. This will cause riots and Charles will be forced to flee for Britain. ii. Louis-Philippe: favored liberal reforms but after 18 years will fall out of favor and will be overthrown. iii. Louis-Napoleon: Will be elected president in 1848. Four years later he will take the title Emperor Napoleon III. 1. He will build railroads, encourage industrialization and promoted and ambitious program of public works. 2. His policies will lead to a decrease in unemployment and a growing French prosperity. Chapter 8 Day 3 Notes A. Reform and Change in Russia: a. Czar Nicholas I: Will threaten to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War. i. Russia’s industries and transportation systems failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops and the end result was that Russia would lose the war to the combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. b. Alexander II: Wanted to move Russia to modernization and social change, wanted to compete with the western world. i. Made a decree abolishing serfdom. Serf communities (not individual serfs) received half the farmland in Russia and each community had 49 years to pay the government for the land. This made serfs still in debt and tied to the land. ii. The rest of the land was given to rich nobles and the nobles were paid for the land that was taken. iii. Reforms will end when terrorists will assassinate Alexander II c. Alexander III: Will tighten czarist control on the country. i. Encouraged industrial development to expand Russia’s power. ii. Major driving force behind industrial expansion was nationalism. B. Nationalism: During the 1800’s it will fuel efforts to build nation-states. Nationalists were not loyal to kings but to their people (to those who shared common bonds) a. Bonds include: common history, culture, world-view, or language. b. Believed that people of a single nationality should unite under a single government. C. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires a. Three aging Empires were made up of a jumble of ethnic groups. When nationalism emerges in the 19th century ethnic unrest will threaten these empires. i. Austro-Hungarian Empire of the Hapsburgs ii. Russian Empire of the Romanovs iii. Ottoman Empire of the Turks b. Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire i. Empire made up of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Coats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs and Italians. ii. In 1866 Prussia defeats Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. iii. Prussia will gain control of the new North German Federation iv. Under pressure from Hungarians, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria will split his empire in half making Austria and Hungary independent states with him ruler of both. c. Russian Empire Crumbles i. Russian czars ruled 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles, and smaller numbers of Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks. ii. Russian leaders practiced Russification (imposing Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire) this only led to stronger feelings of nationalism. These will later lead to the communist revolution. D. Unification of Italy a. Giuseppe Mazzini: Will organize a nationalist group called Young Italy. No one under 40 was allowed to join. In 1848, eight states on the Italian peninsula will revolt and Mazzini will head a republican government a Rome. Once the revolt failed Mazzini will be forced into exile. b. Piedmont-Sardinia: the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. Italian nationalists looked to this kingdom for leadership. i. Sardinia’s King Victor Emmanuel II will name Count Camillo di Cavour (a wealthy middle age aristocrat who worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power) as his prime minister. Chapter 8 Day 4 Notes ii. Cavour wanted to gain control northern Italy. French emperor Napoleon III will help Cavour to drive Austria out of northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. This will cause a war with Austria. The French-Sardinian army will defeat Austria and will take all of North Italy except for Venetia. iii. In the South part of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi leads a small nationalists army and captures Italy. He wore a red shirt so his followers were called “Red Shirts”. In an election voters gave Garibaldi the right to unify all of the southern parts of Italy he conquered with the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let the Sardinia king rule Italy. iv. Italy would still face problems with peasant revolts and the differences between the industrial north and agricultural south. E. Unification of Germany a. Prussia was largely made up of a German population. b. Wilhelm I succeeded Friedrich Wilhelm to the throne. He wanted to reform the army and double the power of the military. Parliament refused to give him money. He will name Otto von Bismarck (a conservative Junker, members of Prussia’s wealthy land owning class.) as his Prime Minister. c. Bismarck practiced realpolitik (the politics of reality). This means tough power politics with no room for idealism. He will declare that he will rule without consent of parliament and a legal budget. He told parliament “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority decisions but by blood and iron” i. Will make an alliance with Austria and get in a war with Denmark and will gain the territories Schleswig and Holstein ii. Austria and Prussia will get in a war over control Holstein, this war will be called the Seven Weeks War. Prussia will take control of northern Germany and the eastern and western parts of the Prussian Kingdom will be united for the first time. iii. Franco-Prussian War: France will declare war on Prussia. (Bismarck will publish a telegram where it seems that Wilhelm King of Prussia insults the French). Napoleon III will be captured at Sedan. Paris will hold out for four months till hunger forces them to surrender. Prussia now gains control of the southern part of Germany, completing German unification. King Wilhelm I will be crowned Kaiser or emperor and called the empire the Second Reich. F. Revolutions in Art a. Romanticism: movement in art and ideas that showed deep interest in both nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual. Reacted against the ideas of the Enlightenment. i. Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm: collected German fairy tales and created a dictionary and grammar of the German language. ii. Emily Bronte: English writer, wrote the romantic novel Wuthering Heights. iii. Victor Hugo: French writer of Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. iv. Mary Shelley: wrote one of the earliest and most successful Gothic horror novels Frankenstein. v. Ludwig van Beethoven: Created the Ninth Symphony. At age 30 he started to go deaf. b. Realism: Tried to show life as it is, not as it should be. i. Charles Dickens: English novelist works showed the despair of London’s working poor. ii. Honore de Balzac: wrote a massive series of almost one hundred novels entitled The Human Comedy.