* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Matter - Chemistry
Survey
Document related concepts
Quantum electrodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Matter wave wikipedia , lookup
Elementary particle wikipedia , lookup
Wave–particle duality wikipedia , lookup
X-ray fluorescence wikipedia , lookup
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Auger electron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Chemical bond wikipedia , lookup
Hydrogen atom wikipedia , lookup
Atomic orbital wikipedia , lookup
Tight binding wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chemistry Final Exam Study Guide What do chemists study? What are the steps of the scientific method? What occurs at each step? Be able to identify variables: Independent, dependent, control Matter Identify each of the following as either a physical or chemical change. Melting evaporation Rusting cutting Bending tarnishing Food spoilage polishing Freezing corrosion Burning rusting Exploding melting What happens to the atoms that make up a compound involved in a chemical reaction. What are three ways a mixture of various liquids can be separated into the individual pure substances. 13. Classify the following as homogeneous or heterogeneous mayonnaise pepsi chunky peanut butter 2% milk chocolate chip cookie vanilla milk shake Which states of matter (gas, solid, liquid) are compressible? Which states of matter is the volume uniform but the shape depends on its container? What is the basic principle that allows chromatography to be used as a technique to separate mixtures. Why does it work? How does distillation work? What are the key parts of a distillation apparatus? Draw a diagram. How does a centrifuge separate a mixture? What are some indications that a chemical reaction is taking place? Why are chemical compounds such as water as well as elements such as oxygen both considered “pure substances”. Explain Identify the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction such as: sodium + chlorine sodium chloride What does the Law of Conservation of Matter say? Does the following chemical equation obey the law of conservation of Matter? Explain why. C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 +3H2O How are chemical changes different from physical changes? Classify the following as either pure substances, homogeneous mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures. Air, NaCl, Milk, H2O, sand, gatorade States of Matter Characteristics of the states of matter: Check a box if it applies to the state. SOLID LIQUID GAS change shape change mass change volume change density have "flow" Which characteristics are physical? Which are chemical? Circle the physical characteristics. mass volume boiling point density rough solubility reacts with oxygen reacts with water viscosity combustible reactivity solvents melting point sticky thick brittle Measurement Topics: Measurement and estimation Accuracy and Precision Scientific Notation Dimensional Analysis/Unit Conversion Density calculations Percent Error- know this equation! Review Homework Packet! Useful pages: 40, 44, 46-48, 61 (sections 1-3) 11) You have the Heebie-Geebies. Your grandmother sends you a remedy for the Heebie-Geebies with the following instructions: “Take 1 drop per 10 lbs. of body weight per day divided into 4 doses until the Heebie-Geebies are gone.” How many drops do you take per dose?? 12) You’re throwing a pizza party for 15 people and figure that each person will eat 4 slices. You call up the pizza place and larn that each pizza will cost you $14.78 and it will be cut into 12 slices. How much is the pizza going to cost you? You only have $70. Will you have enough money? 13) Every three times I clean my bedroom, my mother makes me an apple pie. I cleaned my bedroom 9 times. How many apple pies does she owe me? (What?! Your mother doesn’t reward you for cleaning your bedroom? Aren’t there child labor laws? To make up for that injustice, you may have this very easy problem.) 14) In my chemistry class, 28 students are each given 3 pens. If there are 8 pens in one package, priced at $1.88 per package, what is the total cost of giving away pens? Structure of the AtomVocab: Dalton’s Atomic Theory Atom Cathode ray tube Nucleus Subatomic particle Electron Proton Dalton’s atomic model Thompson’s atomic model Rutherford’s atomic model Neutron Atomic number Isotope Mass number Atomic mass unit (AMU) Alpha particleBe able to illustrate/interpret the following: Atom Model: location and charge of Protons, neutrons, and electron Cathode ray tube- all parts and it worked Gold Foil Experiment- all parts and how it worked Who are the following and how did they contribute to our knowledge of the Atom? Democritus J. Dalton J.J Thomson E. Rutherford J. Chadwick 1. What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element? 2. What is the definition of an AMU of atomic mass unit? 3. Diagram an atom such as Lithium, showing where the protons, neutrons and electrons are located in an atom, as well as the correct number of each. 4. Describe the characteristics such as mass and charge for protons, neutrons and electrons. 5. Which of Dalton’s original theories of the atom are still considered true today? b. Which are incorrect and why? 6. Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following elements: He, Au, Hg 7. What does the atomic number represent? 8. What does the atomic mass represent? 9. What is an isotope. How are they different form the normal atom? 10. Calculate the average atomic mass. See practice probs on worksheet. Example: If an element is 69.2% of mass 62.93 amu and 30.8% of mass 64.93, Calculate the average atomic mass. 11. Review each of the labs and demos we did in class. a. What was the point of the Nuclear Marbles lab? How does this lab relate to Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment? b. How can one calculate the diameter of a marble by simply rolling and colliding lots of marbles? c. What was thee point of the Vegium Isotope Lab? What information is needed to calculate the average atomic mass of an element? d. What was the purpose of the Cathode Ray Tube Demonstration? What does this demo show about the charge of an electron? Atomic Structure Fill in the blanks for the elements in this chart. For the purposes of this chart, round all atomic masses to the nearest whole number. Element lithium carbon chlorine silver lead calcium Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons Atomic Mass Atomic Number Electrons Vocab: Electron Valence electron Frequency Amplitude Electromagnetic spectrum Quantum Photon Ground state Quantum mechanical model Atomic orbital Energy sublevel Aufbau principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s rule 1. Diagram a Bohr model of a Neon -20 atom. What do the rings represent? 2. What is Quantum of energy? 3. How is the Quantum Mechanical model of the atom different from the Bohr model? How is the location of electrons described? 4. Write the electron configurations for any element using the periodic table. A table will be provided BUT it will NOT be colored. Know your blocks and levels! Such as sodium, and argon. Na_____________________ Fe_____________________ Be able to write the noble gas configuration Be able to identify elements from an electron configuration. 5. What are Hund’s Rule and Pauli’s Exclusion pricnciple, and the Aufbau principle? 6. Why does each element give off its own unique bright line spectrum of colors? How is this phenomenon explained? Is the amount of energy needed to move an electron up a level the same for every element? Explain… 7. How did the flame test demo correlate with what we studied? Why was it such a crude method to determine an unknown element? 8. Where in the “real world” would you observe the quantizing of elements and the atomic spectra they emit? 9. Be able to calculate wavelength and frequency using (c=λν). Equation not provided on test. Nucleosynthesis 1. 2. 3. 4. Where did all matter in the universe come from? What is nuclear Fusion? How to stars create new elements? What is the biggest element (atomic number wise) that a star can produce? What happen to the star after this element is made? 5. What is a super nova? What elements can be made here? The Periodic Table and Periodic Law Vocab: Periodic law Group Period Representative element Transition metal Metal Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Inner transition metal Lanthanide Actinide Nonmetal Halogen Noble gas Valence electron Metalloid Ion Ionization Energy Electronegativity Atomic radii 1. How is the modern periodic table arranged? How are successive elements in a row different from one another? Give some examples… 2. Who was the first to arrange the elements into a periodic table? What scientist help to create the table we currently use today? 3. Identify the locations of metals, metalloids and non-metals. What are the general characteristics of each type? 4. What elements are Noble Gases? What are the characteristics of these? 5. What elements are the halogens? What are the characteristics of these? 6. What elements are in the Alkali metal family. What are the characteristics of these? 7. How do valence electrons relate to reactivity? 8. Periodic Trends- Be able to explain how the following trends show up in the P-table. Atomic radii and Ionic radii Electronegativity Ionization energy Metal to Nonmetal Ions 1. What is a valence electron? How can they be found using electron configurations 2. What is the Octet Rule? Explain. 3. How are Lewis dot structures written? How do they relate to valence electrons? 4. Define a cation and anion. Give an example of each. 5. Determine the number of electrons in a cation like Ca 2+ and anion like S26. Write the electron configuration of a Ca 2+ ion. What is the relationship between the column number and the valence electrons in a element? Give an example. Ionic Bonding: What force holds a cation to an anion when creating an ionic bond? Identify the recipes for an ionic bond. What charges do metal and nonmetals take on when e- are gained or lost. What are the major characteristics of ionic compounds? Why do ionic solutions conduct electricity and ionic solids do not? Be able to write chemical formulas for ionic compounds. Ionic Formula and Name Practice Be able to write chemical names USING chemical Formulas. 1) zinc bicarbonate __________________________________ 2) cobalt (III) phosphate _____________________________ 3) gallium selenide __________________________________ 4) strontium iodide __________________________________ 5) titanium (IV) fluoride ______________________________ 6) silver hydroxide __________________________________ 7) lead (IV) perchlorate ______________________________ 8) zinc hydride _____________________________________ 9) potassium chromate _______________________________ 10) iron (III) oxalate ______________________ Name these formulas: 11) PbO ________________________ 12) Li3PO4 ______________________ 13) TiI4 _________________________ 14) Co3N2 ______________________ 15) Mg3P2 ______________________ 16) Ga(NO2)3 ____________________ 17) Ag2SO3 ______________________ 18) NH4OH ______________________ 19) Al(CN)3 ____________________ 20) Be(CH3COO)2 ________________