Download planes of the body

PD/H/PE –The Body in Motion
How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the
body influence and respond to movement?
Skeletal system
The main structural, supporting system of the body is called the skeleton.
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206 bones
2 main groups (Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton)
ANATOMICAL POSITION
SKELETON
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SUPPORT - for all organs
PROTECTION – for internal organs
MOVEMENT – of bones through joints and muscles to attach
PRODUCTION – of red blood cells
STORAGE – of minerals such as calcium and also energy from yellow bone marrow
JOINTS
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Occurs where bones meet
3 types:
o Immovable or Fibrous (joined together by fibrous tissue eg. Skull & pelvis)
o Slightly Movable or Cartilaginous ( joined together by a thick pad of cartilage e.g.
spinal column)
o Freely Movable or Synovial (extremely mobile & able to withstand the friction
created by movement)
EXAMPLES
Fibrous  skull
Cartilaginous  pelvic girdle, spinal column
Synovial arm (hinge), radius/ulna (pivot), leg (condyloid), shoulder (ball & socket), hand
(ellipsoid, gliding, saddle)
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS:
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The surface is covered HYALINE CARTILAGE (smooth cartilage)
The edge of the surface is covered with FIBROUS TISSUE called CAPSULE adds stability
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE lines the inside of the CAPSULE produces jelly like fluid called
SYNOVIAL FLUID  acts as a lubricant and provides nutrition
Stabilised by ligaments (fibrous bands)
Pads of fat provide protective cushioning
BURSAE is found where friction is likely to occur e.g. hips and shoulder  small sacs filled
with synovial fluid
BURSITIS is an inflammation of these structures.
JOINT MOVEMENT:
- Flexion: folding up if a joint
- Extension: opening out of a joint
- Abduction: away from the body
- Adduction: towards the body
- Circumduction: Anchored bone and moving the other in a circle
- Rotation: About a central axis (only ball and socket or a pivot joint)
HAND MOVEMENT:
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Supination: palm faces upwards
Pronation: palm faces downwards
Inversion: turning inwards of the foot
Eversion: turning outwards of the foot
Dorsiflexion: raising foot upwards
Plantarflexion: pointing the toe downwards or planting the foot
DIRECTION
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Superior: above or towards the head
Inferior: below or towards the feet
Anterior: towards the front
Posterior: towards the back
Medial: towards the midline
Lateral: towards the side
Proximal: towards the body mass
Distal: away from the body’s mass
PLANES OF THE BODY
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Sagittal Plane: the vertical plane which divides the body into right and left parts
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane): vertical plane which divides the body into front and back
parts
Transverse Plane: any horizontal cross section of the body
BONES
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Major bones involved in movement are the LONG BONES
LONG BONES
o A curved shape to absorb shock and distribute pressure
o A long shaft covered by a membrane
o Two ends covered by articular cartilage which allows for joint movement
o A cavity in the shaft that contains red bone marrow in childhood and yellow
bone marrow in adults
All ones are made up of a strong protective outer layer and a spongy centre
Outer skin is called the periosteum and underneath is the compact bone
SHORT ONES
o Short, cube-shaped, and found in wrists and ankles
FLAT BONES
o Broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles except ribs,
cranial bones, bones of shoulder girdle
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IRREGULAR BONES are all other that do not fall into the previous categories, they have
varied shapes, sizes and surfaces features and includes the bones of the vertebrae and a
few in the skull.
Classified by location
o Sesamoid Bones – small bones embedded in tendons. E.g. patella
o Sutural Bones – small bones located between the joints of some cranial bones
STUDY BONE/JOINT USES AND NAMING/ THE KNEE
Muscle System
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Functions:
o Locomotion
o Posture
o Heat Production
o Internal Movement
Musculo – skeletal system  interactions between muscular and skeletal systems for
body movement
Connected to bones via the TENDON
Muscles which cause movement of a joint are connected with 2 different bones
The TENDON attaches to the bone via fibres of collagen which join with periosteum
Either voluntary or involuntary
3 types:
o Smooth Muscle
 Involuntary
 Slow, steady movement
 Made up of single, long muscle cells arranged in bundles
 Arteries, Intestines and other internal organs
o Cardiac Muscle
 Involuntary
 Maintains the contraction that keep the heart pumping
 Is made up of branched muscle cells that form thick spiral bands of
muscle
 Found in the heart
o Skeletal Muscle
 Voluntary
 Contracts and relaxes many times in succession but tires easily
 Works in pairs – contracting & relaxing
 Found attached to bones
TO REMEMBER MAJOR MUSCLES:
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THE ACTION THEY PERFORM
THEIR SHAPE
THEIR ORIGIN POINT
MULTIPLE POINTS OF ORIGIN
THEIR LOCATION
THEUR SIZE
DIRECTION OF THEIR FIBRE
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MUSCLE ORIGIN: the end of the muscle that is relatively fixed where it attaches to a
bone
MUSCLE HEAD: the beginning of the muscle belly near the origin
MUSCLE INSERTION: where the belly becomes a tendon to attach to another bone at the
point where it is most likely to move
STUDY MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND MOVEMENTS
AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST MUSCLES
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Muscles arranged in pairs, one contracts while the other relaxes
The muscle causing MOVEMENT (and shortens) is called the AGONIST
The other muscle of the pair will relax (and lengthen) and is called the ANTAGONIST
^ known as RECIPROCAL INHIBITION  allows for smooth efficient movement.
PRIME MOVERS AND STABILIZER MUSCLES
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PRIME MOVERS: AGONIST  produce nearly all the force
STABILIZERS  secondary muscles that assist the ^ and hold the muscle in a stable
position
POSTURE
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2 groups of skeletal muscles:
o POSTURAL
 Maintain posture
 Require frequent stretching
 Strong  holds the body parts in alignment
 Erector spinae and hamstrings
o PHASIC
 Requires strengthening
 Generate and maintain movement and work with postural muscles
 Quadriceps and rectus abdominus
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES
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2 different types
o SLOW TWITCH
 Red
 Sports such as long distance running, swimming etc
o FAST TWITCH
 White
 Sprinting
Average person  60% slow twitch 40% fast twitch
THE MOTOR UNIT
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They are stimulated to contract by a motor nerve
Single motor nerve
Muscles are made up of a large number of these motor units
^ number varies according to the muscle function
Only the minimum amount required is used
HOW DO THEY CONTRACT
o Smaller fibres called myofibrils  rows (FILAMENTS) of protein molecules  2
types ACTIN and MYOSIN
TYPE OF MUSCLE CONSTRUCTIONS
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Concentric
o Force produced as it lengthens or shortens
o Bicep curl
Eccentric
o Force as it lengthens
o Downward phases of a bicep curl
Isometric
o Contraction that is held or fixed
o Strength in fixed positions such as gymnastics
o Highly specific to joint angles
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Respiration: the exchange of gases between the air we breathe and our blood through
the process of breathing
Diaphragm contracts and the external intercostals contract, the thorax expands
increasing lung volume
^ decreases air pressure so air is drawn in to equalise pressure
Exhalation is when the diaphragm relaxes
Air movement in and out of the lungs is VENTILATION
At rest it is about 6L/min
Exchange of gases
o Capillaries have thin walls
o The exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli occurs through
diffusion
o ^ caused by the difference in concentration of each gas
o Move from high concentration to low concentration areas
STUDY RESPIRATION DIAGRAM
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Pharynx: passage way for food and air
Larynx: beginning of the trachea
Trachea: held open by rings of cartilage
Bronchi: branches of the lungs
Bronchioles: branches of bronchi
Lungs: exchanges of oxygen
Alveoli: little air sacs surrounded by capillaries
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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Constant flow of blood around the body
Heart to cells of the tissues and back to the heart
Continual and fresh supply of oxygen and nutrients
Removes waste and carbon dioxide
The various structures through which the blood flows is referred to as the cardiovascular
system (heart, arteries, veins and blood)
The circuit of blood from the heart, to and from the lungs is called the PULMONARY
SYSTEM
The circuit of blood from the heart to and from the body is called the SYSTEMATIC
SYSTEM
Arteries
o Carry blood AWAY from the heart
o The AORTA to the body
o The PULMONARY to the lungs
Veins
o Carry blood TO the heart
o Only oxygenated blood is pulmonary, the other carry deoxygenated
o Largest is the VENA CAVA
o Valves to prevent blood flowing backwards
CAPILLARIES
o Single walled vessels that link arterioles and venules
o CAPILLARY EXHANGE occurs when oxygen and nutrients travel from the blood
across the capillary wall to the cells of the tissue and waste returns back to the
capillaries.
o Substances travel from areas of high  low concentration levels
ARTERIES  ARTERIOLES  CAPILLARIES  VENULES  VEINS  HEART
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STROKE VOLUME
o Amount of blood pumped from the heart during a systole
o During exercise  much stronger contraction  increase in stroke volume
o Measure in litres
STUDY HEART DIAGRAM
BLOOD PRESSURE
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Measure of the pressure of your blood in the arteries as its pumping blood around your
body
mmHg (millimetres of mercury)
Systolic Pressure
o Higher of the 2 readings
o Measure of when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries
Diastolic Pressure
o Lower of the 2 readings
o Pressure when the heart relaxes
What is the relationship between physical fitness, training and
movement efficiency?
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Physical fitness refers to your ability to perform physical tasks in life and to participate in
specific sporting or leisure activities without undue fatigue, health risk or injury
Levels of fitness differs from person to person as it depends on many FACTORS including
your AGE and LEVEL OF ACTIVITY
Health related components
o CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE
 Ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory system to work effectively
during exercise for a long time
o FLEXIBILITY
 Range of movement at particular joints
o STRENGTH (MUSCULAR)
 The ability of the muscles to exert force
o MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
 The ability for the muscles to work effectively over an extended period
time
o BODY COMPOSITION
 Relative percentage of muscle to fat, such as your BMI
Skill related components
o POWER
 Strength and speed (explosive movement) e.g. standing long jump, shot
put and javelin
o SPEED
 The quickness of movement
o AGILITY
 The skill if changing direction with speed, e.g. netball, basketball
o COORDINATION
 The ability to integrate messages from the different senses and body
movements
o BALANCE
 Maintaining equilibrium stationary
o REACTION TIME
 Time taken to acknowledge the stimulus and respond appropriately
HEALTH RELATED
Sit Ups
Hand Dynamometer
Push Ups
Sit and Reach
Multistage Fitness Test
SKILL RELATED
Vertical Jump
50m Sprint
Illinois Agility
Standing Long Jump
Catch
Balance
Ruler Catch
Dynamic Balance
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FITNESS TESTS are used to test
o Strength and weaknesses
o Provide training incentive and motivation
o Provides feedback regarding training programs
o Indicate any special attributes an athlete may have
Choose a fitness test that is valid, accurate and reliable
Tests should be standardized ( be compared to norms)
Have to be practical
Laboratory tests are most accurate
VALIDITY: if it measures what it is supposed to measure
REALIABILITY: reliable if the same or similar tests results can be produced in a retest
situation
RELEVANCE: is relevant if it is appropriate to the particular assessment situation
SPECIFICITY: the mechanical similarity between a training activity and a sport
TESTS SHOULD REFLECT THE NATURE OF THE SPORT
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TRAINING
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FITT PRINCIPLE
o Frequency
o Intensity
o Time
o Type
Immediate psychological responses to training, heart rate, ventilation ratem stroke volume, cardiac
output, and lactate levels.