Download Physiological Complications (550-106)

Physiological Complications (550-106)
Final Exam/Project Matrix
Directions: Complete the matrix on drug classifications. Consider drug classifications and drugs
not addressed in the learning plans of the course this semester, but that are included in the
chapters not covered in the textbook. Consider what sub-categories may exist within a drug
classification, examples of drugs within the classification and/or sub-categories, the CNS and
physiological effects of the drugs within the classification, withdrawal effects of drugs within
the classification, treatment issues of significance, therapeutic uses for the drug, and whether
the drugs cited are legal, illegal, prescription, or OTC.
Accuracy in identifying sub-categories within the correct classification and identifying drugs that
accurately reflect the sub-category and the correct classification is critical in this assessment
activity.
Drug
Classifications
SubCategories of
Drugs within
the Drug
Classification
Specific Drugs
within the
Drug
Classification
CNS and
Physiologic
al Effects
Characteris
tic of the
Class of
Drugs
Withdrawa
l Effects
Characteris
tic of the
Class of
Drugs
Sedative/hypnotic
s or CNS
Depressants
Benzodiazepines,
Nonbenzodiazepines,
Barbiturates
Alprazolam
(Xanax),
Diazepam
(Valium),
Zolpidem
(Ambien),
Eszoplicone
(Lunesta),
Primidone
(Mysoline),
Mephobarbital
(Mebaral )
Calming or
drowsiness
{sedation}
The
treatment
from
withdrawal
involves
withdrawing
the agent
slowly in
order to
avoid
convulsions
or other side
effects. At
times
rehabilitation
centers or
hospitalizatio
n may be
necessary to
aid in
withdrawal.
Sleep
{pharma-cological
hypnosis}
Unconscious
ness
Coma
Surgical
anesthesia
Fatal
respiratory/c
ardiovascular
depression
Narcotic
Analgesics
Endogenous
opioid
peptides,
Opium
endorphins,
dynorphins,
enkephalins,
morphine,
Analgesic
Effect,
Antitussive
Effect, Mood
Alteration
Effect,
Flu like
symptoms
such as
diarrhea,
nausea,
vomiting,
Treatme
nt Issues
Unique
to the
Class of
Drugs
The
biggest
risk during
drug
rehab is
relapse
Therapeu
tic Uses
Legal, Illegal,
Prescription,OTC
Anxiety,
treatment
of
insomnia,
pharmacological
hypnosis
Legal Prescription
Analgesics
are pain
relievers.
They are
used to
block mild
Legal Prescription
and Illegal
CNS Stimulants
alkaloids,
Semisynthetic
opioids,
Fully
synthetic
opioids
codeine,
heroin,
oxycodone,
hydrocodone
, or Demerol,
methadone,
fentanyl.
Dysphoria,
Euphoria,
Gastrointesti
nal Effect,
Respiratory
System
Effect
runny nose,
abdominal
pain, and
goose
bumps.
Sweating,
agitation,
and dilated
pupils may
also be
symptomatic
during drug
rehab. There
may also be
psychologica
l symptoms
such as
depression
and mental
illness.
Amphetamin
es,
Methylpheni
date
Biphetamine,
Dexedrine,
Adderall,
Concerta,
Ritalin
diet aids
and as
vasoconst
rictors
The
withdrawal
effects of
all stimulants
are almost
mirror
opposites of
the acute
effects.
Thus,
someone
who has
been using
stimulants
and stops
will
experience
irritability,
weakness,
marked
reduction in
energy,
hypersomnia
, depression,
loss of
concentratio
n, and
increased
appetite.
These
that could
lead to
death.
Once an
addict has
gone
through
rehab,
their
tolerance
to the
drug is
greatly
reduced.
Death
may
follow a
return to
analgesic
drug
abuse
since the
body is no
longer
used to
the drugs.
It is
important
to get
involved
in support
groups to
keep from
returning
to abuse
of
prescriptio
n or street
drugs.
to severe
pain
signals
sent
throughout
the nervous
system to
the brain.
Central
nervous
system
(CNS)
stimulants
are
medicines
that speed
up physical
and mental
processes.
Central
nervous
system
stimulants
are used to
treat
conditions
characteriz
ed by lack
of
adrenergic
stimulation,
including n
arcolepsy a
Legal Prescription
symptoms
are more
severe in
those who
have taken
higher doses
over longer
periods.
They usually
disappear
within 2 to 3
days, but
sometimes
last for a
week or
more.
Hallucinogens
Antidepressants
Selective
serotonin
reuptake
inhibitors,
Norepinephrine
reuptake
inhibitors,
Noradrenergic
and specific
serotonergic
antidepressant
s (NaSSA),
Serotonin–
norepinephrine
reuptake
LSD,
Mushrooms
Mescaline,
Ketamine
Psychosis,
panic
attacks and
dangerous
accidents
Citalopram (
Celexa),
Escitalopram
(Lexapro,
Cipralex),
Paroxetine (P
axil, Seroxat),
Fluoxetine (P
rozac),
Fluvoxamine
(Luvox),
Sertraline (Zo
loft, Lustral),
Atomoxetine
(Strattera),
Many off- 
label drugs
can produce
an antidepre
ssant effect,
but their use
is

controversial.
Opioids wer
e used to
treat major 
depression
until the late
1950s.Amph
etamines wer

e used until
the mid1960s.Scant
research on
the use of
opioids limit
their use for
the treatment
of
nd
neonatal ap
nea.
cravings for
hallucinoge
ns
fatigue
irritability
reduced
ability to
experience
pleasure
People
who are
psycholog
ically
dependen
t on
hallucinog
ens may
find they
feel an
urge to
use it
when they
are in
specific
surroundi
ngs or
socialising
with
friends.
There is a
small risk
of
physical
dependen
ce from
hallucinog
ens.
Anesthet
ics
Illegal and
prescription
Irritability
Wrong
drug for
the
person
prescrib
ed
treat other
conditions,
on- or offlabel, for
conditions
such
as anxiety
disorders, o
bsessive
compulsive
disorder, e
ating
disorders, c
hronic pain,
and some
hormonemediated
disorders
such
as dysmen
orrhea, and
for snoring,
migraines,
attention-
Legal Prescription
Anxiety
Insomnia
Headaches
Dizziness
Fatigue
Nausea
Return of
depression
symptoms
inhibitors,
Serotonin
antagonist and
reuptake
inhibitors,
Norepinephrine
-dopamine
reuptake
inhibitors,
Selective
serotonin
reuptake
enhancers,
Norepinephrine
-dopamine
disinhibitors,
Tricyclic
antidepressant
s, Tertiary
amine tricyclic
antidepressant
s, Secondary
amine tricyclic
antidepressant
s, Monoamine
oxidase
inhibitor
Reboxetine (
Edronax),
Viloxazine (Vi
valan),
Mianserin (To
lvon),
Mirtazapine (
Remeron,
Avanza,
Zispin),
Desvenlafaxi
ne (Pristiq),
Duloxetine (C
ymbalta),
Milnacipran (I
xel, Savella),
Venlafaxine (
Effexor)
depression,
whereas
amphetamin
es have
found a
thriving
market for
conditions as
widely
arrayed
as attention
deficit
disorder, nar
colepsy,
and obesity,
and continue
to be studied
for myriad
applications.
Both opioids
and
amphetamin
es induce a
therapeutic
response
very quickly,
showing
results within
twenty-four
to forty-eight
hours;
the therapeut
ic ratios for
both opioids
and
amphetamin
es are
greater than
those of the
tricyclic antidepressants.
In a small
study
published in
1995, the
opioid bupre
norphine was
shown to
have
potential for
treating
severe,
treatmentresistant
depression.
The
nutritional
supplement t
ryptophan is
also used in
treating
some forms
of seasonal
depression o
r in
combination
with use of
bright light
exposure.
deficit
hyperactivit
y
disorder (A
DHD)
and substa
nce abuse.
Low
dose antipsy
chotics are
also used, as
are benzodia
zepines, and
St John's
wort. The
use of
benzodiazepi
nes can
cause a
physical
dependence.
Abrupt
benzodiazepi
ne
discontinuati
on can
induce life
threatening
seizures, and
intense
withdrawal
symptoms.
Antipsychotic
s can have
severe long
term
negative
effects, such
as tardive
dyskinesia,
brain
atrophy,
and metaboli
c
syndrome In
ert placebos
can also
have
significant
antidepressa
nt effects.
Inhalants
Volatile
solvents,
Aerosols,
Gases,
Nitrites
Industrial or
household
products, Art
or office supply
solvents,
Household
aerosol
propellants,
Household or
commercial
products,
Medical
anesthetics,
Organic
nitrites,
Most

abused
inhalants
other than
nitrites
depress the

central
nervous 
system in a
manner not

unlike
alcohol.
The effects
are
similar—
including 
slurred
speech,
lack of

coordinatio
n, euphoria,
Excessive
sweating
Hand
tremors
Insomnia
Hallucinatio
ns
Feelings of
aggression
or
nervousnes
s
Headaches
and muscle
pains
Psychosis
Over the Counter,
legal, illegal,
prescription
and
dizziness.
Inhalant
abusers
may also
experience
lightheadednes
s,
hallucinatio
ns, and
delu-sions.
With
repeated
inhalations,
many users
feel less
inhibited
and less in
control.
Some may
feel drowsy
for several
hours and
experience
a lingering
headache.
Unlike
other types
of
inhalants,
nitrites
enhance
sexual
pleasure by
dilating and
relaxing
blood
vessels.
Drugs of Abuse
not Easily
Classified
Anabolic
steroids
Anadrol,

Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
DepoTestosterone,o
Equipoise,
o
insulin
o
o

In men,
anabolic
steroids can:
Reduce sper
m count.
Shrink the
testicles.
Cause you
not to be
able to father
children.
Enlarge
the breasts.
In women,
anabolic
steroids can:
Abnormal
physical
or
psycholog
ical
features
that follow
the abrupt
discontinu
ation of a
drug that
has the
capability
of
producing
physical
sometimes
prescribed
by doctors
to treat
conditions
in which
testosteron
e levels are
abnormally
low, or in
certain
chronic
conditions
such
as AIDS th
at are
associated
with loss of
muscle
mass.
Athletes,
bodybuilder
Legal, illegal,
prescription, OTC
(some insulins)
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Increase
body hair.
Make skin
rough.
Decrease
breast size.
Enlarge the
clitoris.
Deepen the
voice.
In both men
and women,
anabolic
steroids can
cause:
Bone growth
to stop
before it is
complete in a
teen. The
teen may not
reach his or
her full adult
height.
A heart
attack or stro
ke, even in a
very young
person.
High blood pr
essure.
Higher levels
of
bad choleste
rol (LDL) and
lower levels
of good
cholesterol
(HDL).
Liver disease
and possibly
liver cancer.
The chance
of these
problems is
higher when
steroids are
taken as a
pill.
Oily skin
and acne.
Male-pattern
hair loss.
dependen
ce. In
example,
common
opiates
withdrawa
l
symptoms
include
sweating,
goosebu
mps,
vomiting,
anxiety, in
somnia,
andmuscl
e pain.
s, and
other
people
sometimes
abuse
anabolic
steroids in
order to
improve
performanc
e and
physical
appearanc
e.
o
o
Skin
infections
that can
become
severe if the
drug was
tainted with
bacteria.
Irritability,
rage,
uncontrolled
high energy
(mania), or
false beliefs
(delusions).
Criteria for completing the matrix:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Learner identifies correct sub-categories within a drug classification.
Learner correctly identifies drugs of the sub-category and classification.
Learner identifies the CNS effects and characteristics of the drug classification.
Learner identifies the withdrawal effects of the drugs within the drug classification.
Learner identifies treatment issues characteristics of the drug classification.
Learner identifies therapeutic uses of the drugs within the classification.
Learner identifies whether drugs are legal, illegal, prescription, OTC.
Total:
(15 points)
(15 points)
(15 points)
(15 points)
(15 points)
(10 points)
(10 points)
95 Points