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A person who is malnourished has a “body which is deprived of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed to maintain healthy tissues and organ function” (Johns Hopkins University, 2014, p.1). According to the World Food Programme (2014), A malnourished person finds that their body has difficulty doing normal things such as growing and resisting disease. Physical work becomes problematic and even learning abilities can be diminished. For women, pregnancy becomes risky and they cannot be sure of producing nourishing breast milk. (World Food Program, 2014, p.1) Malnutrition can happen to a person who is either “undernourished (not enough essential nutrients are consumed or when they are excreted more rapidly than they can be replaced) or over nourished (people who eat too much, eat the wrong things, don't exercise enough, or take too many vitamins or other dietary replacements)” (Johns Hopkins University, 2014, p.1). Malnutrition is “responsible for 300,000 deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in developing countries and contributes indirectly to over half of all deaths in children worldwide” (Shashidhar, 2014, p.1). In addition, “According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malnutrition is the single greatest threat to the world’s public health, with 178 million malnourished children across the globe” (Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2013, p.1). To add, “Malnutrition during childhood usually results in worse health and lower educational achievements during adulthood. Malnourished children tend to become adults who have smaller babies (Medical News Today, 2014, p.2). There are different kinds of malnutrition. The common kind is called protein energy malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition ”results from a diet lacking in energy and protein because of a deficit in all major macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins”(World Food Programme, 2014, p.1). Next is marasmus, which is “caused by a lack of protein and energy with sufferers appearing skeletally thin. In extreme cases, it can lead to kwashiorkor, in which malnutrition causes swelling including a so-called 'moon face'” (World Food Programme, 2014, p.1). The other forms of malnutrition are not as visible, but can be quite deadly. They are usually the result of vitamin and mineral deficiencies (micronutrients), which can lead to anemia, scurvy, pellagra, beriberi and xeropthalmia and, ultimately, death(World Food Programme, 2014,p.1). Symptoms of malnutrition are: “Weight loss, lack of strength and energy, lack of breath, anemia, inability to concentrate, increased irritability, stunted growth, swelling of stomach, face, and legs, and changes in skin pigmentation”(Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2013, p.2). It is possible that children who are severely malnourished “typically experience slow behavioral development and possibly cause mental retardation” (Medical News Today, 2014, p.3). In addition, “Even when treated, under nutrition may have long-term effects in children, with impairments in mental function and digestive problems persisting - in some cases for the rest of their lives” (Medical News Today, 2014, p.3). Adults who have severe malnutrition starting during adulthood usually make a full recovery when treated (Medical News Today, 2014, p.3). A person can be diagnosed for malnutrition by the Body Mass Index of a person to determine if they are a healthy weight for their height. A person can be considered malnourished, “If you have a BMI of less than 18.5 or you have unintentionally lost more than 5-10% of your body weight during the last three to six months”(NHS, 2013, p.1). In addition, a blood or urine test can be done to determine a diagnosis. Treatment can be in the form of: Ready to use therapeutic food, diet, feeding tubes, and community-based therapeutic care. Ready to use therapeutic food has “all the nutrients a child needs during its development and helps reverse deficiencies and gain weight” (Medcins Sans Frontieres, 2013, p.3). The types of feeding tubes are: “nasogastric tube – a tube passed down your nose and into your stomach, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube – a tube surgically placed directly into your stomach through your abdomen”(NHS, 2013, p.4). Community-based therapeutic care was adopted by an increasing number of countries and international relief agencies as a model to treat the management of acute malnutrition (Collins, 2007, p.3). The important way to not be diagnosed with malnutrition is to maintain a healthy diet by having food by the major food groups such as: Fruit and vegetables – at least 5 A DAY Bread, rice, potatoes, pasta, cereals and other starchy foods Milk and dairy foods – such as cheese and yoghurt Meat, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, and other non-dairy sources of protein (NHS, 2013, p.5) To help someone who may have the symptoms or preventing malnutrition from occurring, it is best to encourage them to seek medical help such as a doctor or dietitian who can give them the guidance to reverse their condition. For older adults, it is possible to hire an aide to assist in grocery shopping or meal preparation. In addition, community services such as Meals on Wheels to provide meals for those in need (Mayo Clinic, 2014, p.1). It is also good to have some form of physical activity to stimulate appetite and strengthen bones and muscle (Mayo Clinic, 2014, p.1). References Collins, S. (2007). Treating severe acute malnutrition seriously. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92(5): 453–461.doi: 10.1136/adc.2006.098327 Johns Hopkins University. (2014). What is Malnutrition. Malnutrition. Retrieved from http://www.hopkinschildrens.org/Malnutrition.aspx Mayo Clinic. (2014). Senior health: How to prevent and detect malnutrition. Healthy Lifestyle Caregivers. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthyliving/caregivers/in-depth/senior-health/art-20044699 Medical News Today. (2014, September 26). What is malnutrition? What causes malnutrition? MNT Knowledge Center. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179316.php#preventing_malnutrition Medecins Sans Frontieres. (2013). Malnutrition. Medical Issues. Retrieved from http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/our-work/medical-issues/malnutrition NHS Choices. (2013). Malnutrition-Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Malnutrition/Pages/Prevention.aspx Shashidhar, H. (2014, April 22). Malnutrition. Medscape. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985140-overview#aw2aab6b2b5aa World Food Programme. (2014). What is malnutrition? Hunger. Retrieved from http://www.wfp.org/hunger/malnutrition