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Download Seedless Vascular Plants Figure 21.1 The Evolution of Plants (Part 2)
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3/5/17 Seedless Vascular Plants The empty niche – vertical growth xylem • Further adaptations to land – Vascular system allows plants to get tall – Origin of leaves (megaphylls) • Lycophytes • Ferns – Life cycle – Homospory and heterospory Carboniferous • Horsetails etc • Key innovation – vascular tissue for movement of nutrients against gravity phloem March 6, 2017 Vascular systems permitted evolution of new specialized plant organs Fossil vascular plant (420 million years ago) Branching, independent sporophyte Roots Leaves Figure 21.1 The Evolution of Plants (Part 2) Cooksonia, the first vascular plant 1 3/5/17 Sori – grouped sporangia on sporophylls Dominant sporophyte grows out of gametophyte Ferns Lycophytes Horsetails Early vascular plant forest, carboniferous period (300 million years ago) Lycophytes Ferns etc Seed Plants microphylls The Lycophytes: sporedispersed plants with microphylls Vascular Plants Here are two lycophytes you can find in Vermont Lepidodendron - the scale tree of the Carboniferous coal swamp Shining clubmoss Ground cedar 2 3/5/17 Lycophytes Ferns etc Seed Plants The Ferns and friends: spore-dispersed plants with true leaves (megaphylls) The remains of the Carboniferous scale trees form the great coal deposits of the world Vascular Plants megaphylls Figure 21.10 Evolution of Leaves Ferns the second-most diverse group of vascular plants ca. 12,500 species Fig. 29-13-3 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Spore (n) Sporangium Sporangium Antheridium Young gametophyte Mature gametophyte (n) Archegonium Mature sporophyte (2n) Sperm Egg New sporophyte Zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION Sorus Gametophyte Fiddlehead 3 3/5/17 All land plants alternate generations, although extensively modified Bryophyte Homospory and Heterospory Pteridophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm Horsetails Scouring rush ca. 5 mm Fern gametophyte with new sporophyte Field horsetail Vascular Plants The Geologic Timetable Climate was warming and drying … not a great time to be a spore-dispersed plant! Seed Plants <Permian Ferns and Friends seeds Clubmosses and friends megaphylls 4