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Chapter 11
SKELETAL SYSTEM
General functions of the skeletal system
1) supports the body
2) protection of soft body parts
3) store mineral salts and fat
4) makes all blood cells
5) along with muscle, allows for body movement
Anatomy of a Long Bone (p. 241)
A. Bone – matrix of mineral salts and protein fibers
#1
- compact bone is hard, densely packed minerals and cells
- bone cells are called osteocytes
#2
- spongy bone is less organized to provide light-weight structural support
- spaces in the “sponge” are filled with red bone marrow
B. Cartilage – not as strong as bone but more flexible
- matrix is more elastic with collagen fibers
- no nerves or blood vessels so....
- locations...
C. Fibrous connective tissue – rows of cells called fibroblasts
with matrix of bundles of collagen fibers
- tendons (connect _____________ to _____________)
- ligaments (connect ____________ to ______________)
D. Structure of a typical bone:
#3 articular cartilage –
#4 medullary cavity –
#5 periosteum –
11.2 Bone Growth and Repair
A. bones are alive (they grow and repair)
3 types of bone cells 1) osteoblasts
2) osteocytes
3) osteoclasts
B. Development and Growth – ossification
bone develops from fibrous connective tissues and cartilage models
What/where is the growth plate in a bone? (for bone lengthening)
Hormones =
Growth rates are influenced by hormones like ...
* Vitamin D
* Human growth hormone
* Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
* Calcitonin
* Parathyroid hormone
C. Remodeling of Bones – this is a constant process of bone thickening or
thinning by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
stronger bones are the result of...
weaker bones are the result of...
Check out preventing osteoporosis on page 246.
What is osteoporosis??
D. Bone Repair (about 8 weeks for simple fractures)
1) hematoma – blood clot
2) fibrocartilage callus – “bridge” of cartilage fills spaces
3) bony callus – osteoblasts form spongy bone
4) remodeling – compact bone and cavity re-formed
some fractures ---> complete or incomplete…
simple...
compound...
impacted...
spiral...
11.3 Bones of the Skeleton
A. Review functions
B. 206 bones in the human skeleton divided into...
axial – skull, rib cage and vertebral column
appendicular – arms, legs and their attachment girdles
D. Bones are shaped the way the are because...
1) joint fitting
2) blood vessel and nerve openings
3) muscle attachment
*Skeletal Remains?? Page 252
E. Axial Skeleton things to know...
SKULL
cranium (braincase)
sinuses (air spaces lined with mucus membranes)
fontanels ( soft spots in babies)
areas of cranium (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
foramen magnum (opening in base of skull for spinal cord)
facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic and nasal bones)
hyoid bone (only bone that does not form a joint with another
bone)
mastoiditis-
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
33 vertebrae in 5 sections
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
scoliosis...
intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage – functions
RIB CAGE
12 pairs of ribs all connected to thoracic vertebrae in back
true ribs – (7)
false ribs – (5)
**floating – (last 2 false ribs)
Sternum (used in CPR)
11.4. Appendicular skeleton things to know...
A. Pectoral Girdle (clavicle and scapula) and Arm
rotator cuff = tendons that encircle help form socket for humerus
dislocation =
*most frequently dislocated joint is at shoulder
humerus
radius and ulna
carpals (8)
metacarpals (5)
phalanges (14)
B. Pelvic Girdle and Legs
pelvis consists of sacrum, coccyx (axial skeleton) and
two coxal bones (appendicular skeleton)
femur
tibia and fibula
patella
tarsals (7)
metatarsals (5)
phalanges (14)
11.5 Articulations (joints)
A. Classifications of joints
1) fibrous like the sutures in the skull
2) cartilaginous like in ribs and disks
3) synovial like knee and elbow and other very freely moveable joints
B. Synovial Joints have many parts...
1) bones held together by ligaments form a capsule
2) tendons help stabilize joints
3) synovial membranes produce fluid to cushion joints
4) articular cartilage at the ends of the bone
5) meniscus is a cartilage in a crescent shape to add stability
and shock absorbing
6) bursa are fluid filled sacs to ease friction (bursitis)
C. Movements permitted by synovial joints...see page 256 and know...
Flexion…
And
Extension…
Adduction…
and
Abduction…
D. Arthritis is inflammation in a joint that leads to degenerative changes that
cause pain and reduce mobility
2 Types 1) rheumatoid – is an autoimmune disease destroys synovial membrane
- more crippling, hits at a younger age
**autoimmune disease =
2) osteoarthritis – “wear and tear” damages articular cartilage
bone spurs form to restrict movement
Prevention – exercise (low impact), weight loss, pain
medication
(* there are several other types of arthritis)
Joint Replacement is possible – hip and knee especially
This is the Key for the skeleton diagram on the next page
a. frontal bone
b. zygomatic bone
c. maxilla
d. mandible
e. clavicle
f. scapula
g. sternum
h. ribs
i. costal cartilages
j. coxal bones
k. sacrum
l. coccyx
m. patella
n. metatarsals
o. phalanges
p. temporal bone
q. vertebral column (cervical)
r. humerus
s. ulna
t. radius
u. carpals
v. metacarpals
w. femur
x. fibula
y. tibia
z. tarsals