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Transcript
Sample of Well-Developed Student Answers to the Questions Asked about the short film on “The Peloponnesian War.” Question 1.) Who was Thucydides and how is he important to the history of the Peloponnesian War? Why was he Thucydides was a general for the Athenian empire in the Peloponnesian War and was considered to be important and extremely great military leader. Thucydides grew up in the suburbs of Athens with prosperity and wealth. He was considered to be important to the history of the Peloponnesian War because he was a general commander, he was there for his people, and survived the War. Additionally, Thucydides was considered a great historian because he was very logical, thorough, interested, and was actually there. In conclusion, Thucydides was a magnificent, strong, powerful leader for the people of Athens during the Peloponnesian War and he continues to be recognized throughout today's history as a skillful historian. Question 2: Explain the Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues. What were the main causes of the war between the two leagues? The Delian and the Peloponnesian Leagues were two groups of allies that were run by the Athenians and Spartans. The Delian League was founded and ran by the city-state of Athens, while the Peloponnesian League was founded and ran by the Spartans. Athens and Sparta were both the most powerful allies in their leagues. The Peloponnesian League had most of the City states of Main Greece as their allies. The Delian League had the islands in the Aegean Sea and much of the coast of Asia Minor. Before these leagues were formed, the Spartans and the Athenians made a 30 year peace treaty, meaning that until the 30 years were over, Sparta and Athens were “allies”. Though the Athenians were constantly gaining power, and the Spartans were worried that Athens would not follow through with the peace treaty. The main cause of the war between these two leagues was that Athens was being greedy with their power. They were forcing smaller and weaker city states to become apart of the Delian League, and did not let city states leave. Athens also attempted at expanding their empire, and went into war. Sparta was also nervous about the Delian League possibly over powering part of the Peloponnesian League. During the year 433 b.c. Athens banned trade with Megara, a member of the Peloponnesian League. This angered Sparta and its allies, and both leagues prepared for battle. This was known as the Peloponnesian War, and it broke out in 431 b.c., and ended in 404 b.c., after lasting for 27 years. In conclusion, the Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues were two groups of allies that were responsible for causing the Peloponnesian war, due to reasons such as stopping trade. Question #3 Why was Sparta getting nervous about Athens? What major insults occurred between the two? What was the 30-year peace? Explain the bully behavior of Athens. During it's lifetime, the Athenians were always at war with Sparta and during the Peloponnesian War, Athenians used a "bully" behavior towards all city/states in Greece. Sparta were the toughest city/state in Greece. They had one major rival city/state, the Athenians. The Spartans were not afraid of anything, however, eventually the Spartans became nervous and concerned because the Athenians had lots of power and wealth which gave them control. The Athenians had a vast Maritime Empire and controlled most of the land in the Aegean and much of the coast of Asia Minor. Athens was growing richer and more powerful and they used their wealth as an excuse to be "bullies" to other city/states. In 465 B.C.E, the helots of Sparta tried to revolt against the slave owners, so Sparta called in many warriors from lots of city/states to help them. The Athenians tried to help with a large amount of soldiers, but the Spartans would not let them help because they thought that with such a big army they could over through Sparta. This was one of the many insults that the Athenians used. Another insult that went on in 449 B.C.E. was the Megara and Corinth Conflict. The were both members of the Peloponnnesian League and were eager to gain control of the main land. Athens formed an alliance with Megara and joined the fighting. The result was a fifteen year long struggle between the Athenians and Spartans which some called the first Peloponnesian War. This battle was completed in 445 B.C.E and next came The 30 Year's Peace. That was an agreement between the Spartans and Athenians that they would not mess with each other's separate empires. The terms of this agreement were too much to much for the Athenians to handle. So for the next fifteen years, the Athenians began to have a "bully" behavior. They crushed destroyed revolting city/states, they fought with Corinth for control of the Aegean Islands, they began a decent against Sparta's allies, and in 431 B.C.E., the world could not handle this behavior anymore, which started the Peloponnesian War. It was the Athenians against the Spartans, the Peloponnesian League, the King of Macedon, the Emperor of Persia, and even their own allies. In conclusion, throughout the years, the Athenians used a "bully" behavior which none of the city/states could handle and that worried the Spartans that began the Peloponnesian War. Question #4: Who was the strongest leader for Athens? What was his plan to protect Athens? What problems were there with this plan? The strongest leader for Athens was Pericles. Pericles was a ruler of Athens who fought in the first Peloponnesian War. Pericles was sure that the 30 Years Peace would not last long, so in order to protect Athens, he built a long wall around it, which connected to Piraeus' port. He did this so Athens would still be able to get food and water from Piraeus, while Sparta could not get through. Now, Athens behaved as an island, and no matter what Sparta did outside the walls, Athens was still safe. The navy kept Piraeus safe, therefore Athens could hold out in long battles. The navy also was useful for defending against the Spartans and fighting the Spartans, for it could transport the Athens army to many places quickly and year-round. However, there were problems with Pericles idea. One of them was that sickness could spread quickly because of the hundreds of people in tight quarters, which weakened the Athenians. For example, in the first year of the war, a plague swept through Athens, killing around 30,000 citizens, including Pericles, which drastically damaged Athens, finding no way to correctly fight the war, with no unity connecting them. Because of Pericles' death and Athens' inability to connect themselves, it cost them the war. Question #5: What happened after Pericles death? Explain the term “demagogue.” Who was the worst demagogue for Athens and why? In the video the "Peloponnesian War", the ruler Pericles died from a plague that swept over Athens. After Pericles death whiteout a leader the democratic Athenians found it impossible to prosecute the war effectively. Demagogues rose to power and fell back. A demagogue is a leader who follows the people, instead of leading them. A demagogue tell the people what they want to hear and tries to keep them happy so they will be reelected, know we call these people politicians. Unlike demagogues Pericles taught the people, he reasoned with them, and he encouraged them to reach their full potential. The worst of the demagogues was Alcibiades, he could work up a crowd like a pro. Alcibiades encouraged the Athenians to abandon Pericles plan to not expand the empire. He made an ambitious plan to Sicily, which was struggling to fight of an invasion from Syracuse. He lead the expedition himself, but when the Athenians called him back he defected to the Spartans and betrayed all of Athen's plans. He switched several times and for a while worked for the Persians. Eventually the city-states lost their trust to him and killed him. He was only one of the long list of demagogues. The Athenians still followed his plan and kept on loosing ships to the Sicilians, until they had a few ships left. In a year the Athenians expelled all the tyrants and recreated their democracy, but the Spartans and the Athenians were to worn down from each other that they could not be rebuilt, fully. After the Peloponnesian War both the Spartans and Athenians had to bow down to their fellow Greeks, then the Thebans, and finally the Macedonians. In conclusion the Peloponnesian War was hard for the Athenians after Pericles death and then finally the Spartans and the Athenians weakened themselves until another city-state took over. Question #6: What led to the final collapse of Athens’ power? What struggles did they encounter and what great errors did their politicians make? Athens was an amazing city state that would eventually become a bully to city states around them. Many city-states even in their own alliance of the Delian League made enemies with Athens. Some of these areas include Sparta, Persia, Macedonia, the Peloponnesian League, and their own allies. Athens became very Greedy with their power and money so they bullied smaller city states. Athens had built a wall connecting Athens to their port. Athens was preparing for the Peloponnesian War. The leader of Athens Pericles had built the wall to make sure the Spartans could not attack Athens. Athens had accessibility to their ports which meant that they could import food. This meant that if Sparta had burned their field sit would not matter. However, Pericles did not think that when thousands of people are put in a small space diseases spread. A plague swept Athens and killed 30,000 Athenians. Pericles also perished from the plague. Athens could not keep one member in power for long without switching their leader. A demagogue named Alcibiades rose to power and destroyed Athens navy. Alcibiades wanted to send Athens navy to attack Sicily who was already defending an invasion from Syracuse. Alcibiades kept sending naval ships to Sicily even though they were getting defeated. Alcibiades was a trader and traded sides many sides between Sparta, Athens, and even Persia. Alcibiades was later killed by the three areas. Athens no longer had a main leader and kept switching in power. The Athenians still kept fighting even though they continued to lose. The Athenians made constant fails. At the Battle of Arginusae the Athenian naval generals retreated do to a storm. Athens killed some of their best naval leaders and they were doomed. The following year Athens surrendered and Sparta took control of Sparta. Athens was an amazing city state that started democracy but domed them selves from their own greed.