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SHAPING EARTH’S SURFACE Chapter 4 Lesson 2 EARTHQUAKE Is the vibrations caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a break or a crack in Earth’s crust. FAULT Is a crack or a fracture in Earth’s crust where movement occurs. MAGNITUDE The amount of energy released during an earthquake. Ranges from less than 1 to 9.9 The higher the number the stronger the earthquake. TRANSFORM BOUNDARY The crust moves horizontally past each other. Features that cross the fault such as streams are shifted. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY In oceans these boundaries form midocean ridges. On land these boundaries form valleys. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY SUBDUCTION Subduction zone (one plate goes under the other). Volcanoes form. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY NO SUBDUCTION When neither plate subducts the plates become crumpled and deformed. This results in the formation of tall mountains. VOLCANOES Are vents in Earth’s crust through which molten (melted) rock flows. MAGMA Molten (melted) rock stored beneath Earth’s surface. LAVA Is magma that erupts onto Earth’s surface. ERUPTIONS 1- Slowly and calm, lava flows over the surface. 2- Violent ash and lava bombs sent into the atmosphere. MID-OCEAN RIDGE Long, narrow mountains formed by magma at divergent boundaries. New crust forms here