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What Did Darwin Explain in his Book, On the Origin of Species? • He explained his theory of Evolution by Natural Selection • He presented evidence that living species evolved from organisms that lived in the past – The evidence comes from multiple fields of science The Fossil Record • Fossils are traces of organisms that lived in the past • Can tell relative age of organisms (which came first) • One can compare fossils of extinct organisms to living organisms to reveal patterns of gradual change • Darwin noticed many “gaps”, but many new fossils have been found that fill some of these gaps. • Conditions that create fossils are rare so we will never find fossils of every species that ever lived Practice looking at the Fossil Record Biogeography • The study of the locations of organisms around the world • Suggests that similar environments shape the evolution of organisms in similar ways Embryology • The study of the development of embryos • One can compare the embryonic stages of different organisms to look for similar patterns and structures • Similarities most likely derive from an ancestor that the species have in common Which one is the rabbit? Anatomy • Scientists can compare the bodily structure of different species to find clues about how they are related • Many internal similarities are best explained by evolution • Homologous structures are characteristics that are similar in two or more species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor • They don’t necessarily function similarly What similarities do you see? Color the common bone structures on the next page. Anatomy • Vestigial Structures – A structure or organ is vestigial if it has diminished in size or usefulness in the course of evolution – Vestigial structures are markers of evolutionary descent. For example, boa constrictors, which are descended from four-legged reptiles, grow tiny hind legs. Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 10 - The wings on flightless birds Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 9 - Hind leg bones on whales Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 8 - Erector Pili and Body Hair on Humans Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 7 - The Human Tailbone (Coccyx) Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 6 – Eyes of blind fish Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 5 – Wisdom teeth in humans Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 4 – The Sexual Organs of Dandelions Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 3 – Fake Sex in Virgin Whiptail Lizards (Vestigial Behavior) Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 2 – Male breast tissue and nipples Top 10 Useless Limbs (and Other Vestigial Organs) • 1 – The Human Appendix Biochemistry • A comparison of DNA sequences shows that some species are more genetically similar than others • Similarities are evidence of hereditary relationships among species Whale Evolution • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2C3PjNGok