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The syllabus of Human Parasitology (for clinical students in English classes) Teaching Target Human Parasitology is the study of those species of the animal kingdom that cause disease in human beings. The teaching target of human parasitology is helping medical students to grasp the morphological features, life cycle and main harm of the parasites to human beings and vector-arthopods, to master the basic technology of common parasite examination and to establish foundation for clinical medicine, preventive medicine and the control of parasitic diseases. Table: Teaching contents and time assignment of Human Parasitology Teaching contents General introduction Introduction to Medical Protozoa Lectures 0.5 Experiments 2 0.5 Entamoeba Histolytica 0.5 1.5 Zoomastigophorea 0.5 1 Sporozoa 1.5 Trematodes 3 Cestodes 1 Nematodes 1 Introduction to Medical Arthropods 0.5 Arachnida 0.5 Total 8 3 2 4 1 16 Teaching contents and requirements Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Parasitology 1. Main teaching contents (1) Common terms about parasite: host, intermediate host, final host, reservoir host, paratenic host, life cycle, infective stage, zoonosis. (2) Host-parasite relations. (3) The characteristics and function of immunity to parasitic infection. (4) The epidemic links, factors and characters of parasite diseases. (5) The scope of Human Parasitology, classification of parasites and characters of parasitic nutrition and metabolism. (6) The characters of parasitic infection and diseases. (7) The diagnosis of parasitic diseases and preventing and treating principle of parasitic diseases. (8) The current situation of parasitic diseases, progress, achievements of prevention and treatment of parasitoses. 2. Main teaching requirements 1) Mastering contents (1) Common terms about parasite: host, intermediate host, final host, reservoir host, paratenic host, life cycle, infective stage, zoonosis. (2) Host-parasite relations. 2) Familiarizing contents (1) The characteristics and function of immunity to parasitic infection. (2) The epidemic links, factors and characters of parasite diseases. 3) Realizing contents (1) The scope of Human Parasitology, classification of parasites and characters of parasitic nutrition and metabolism. (2) The characters of parasitic infection and diseases (3) The diagnosis of parasitic diseases and preventing and treating principle of parasitic diseases. (4) The current situation of parasitic diseases, progress, achievements of prevention and treatment of parasitoses. 3. Teaching methods The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1.5 periods, experiment for 2 period. Chapter 2 Medical Protozoa Introduction to Medical Protozoa Main teaching contents and requirements 1. Master the conception of protozoa, alternation of generation, trophzoite, cyst and characteristics of morphology, physiology, life cycle and pathogenesis of Medical Protozoa 2. Realize the classification of Medical Protozoa Lobosea (amoebae) 1. Main teaching contents (1) The Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity of Entamoeba histilytica, clinical features, clinical form of amoebiasis and laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis. (2) The morphological differentiation between Entamoeba histilytica and other non-pathogenic amoebae in digestive tract and free living amoebae. (3) The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of amoebiasis. 2. Main teaching requirements 1) Mastering contents (1) Master the Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity; clinical features ; clinical form of amoebiasis. And laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis. (2) The morphological differentiation between Entamoeba histilytica and other non-pathogenic amoebae.in digestive tract (E.coli). 2) Familiarizing contents The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of amoebiasis. 3) Realizing contents The other non-pathogenic amoebae. And free living amoebae. 3. Teaching methods The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1 periods, experiment for 1.5 periods. Flagellates 1. Main teaching contents (1) The Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity of Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis; clinical features, laboratory diagnosis of kala-azar, giardiasis and trichomoniasis. (2) The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. (3) (Study by self):the morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity, epidemiology, preventive treatment principle of Trypanosoma. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Mastering contents (2) The Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity of Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis; clinical features, laboratory diagnosis of kala-azar, giardiasis and trichomoniasis. (3) Familiarizing contents The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Realizing contents (study by self) : The morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity epidemiology, preventive and treatment principle of Trypanosoma. 3. Teaching methods The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1 periods, experiment for 1 periods. Sporozoa 1. Main teaching contents (1) The general characteristics of Class Sporozoa. (2) The Morphology (erythrocytic-stage), life cycle and pathogenecity of Plasmodium vivax, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, preventive and treatment principle of malaria. (3) Morphology of ring form and gametocyte of P.f ; (4) Main differentiation of morphology and life cycle among 4 species of human plasmodium; (5) The immunology of plasmodium and Prevalent; Epidemiology; preventive and treatment principle of Toxoplasma gondii. 2. Main teaching requirements 1) Mastering contents (1) The general characteristics of Class Sporozoa. (2) The Morphology (erythrocytic-stage) , life cycle and pathogenecity of Plasmodium vivax, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, preventive and treatment principle of malaria. (3) Morphology of ring form and gametocyte of P.f. 2) Familiarizing contents (1) Main differentiation of morphology and life cycle among 4 species of human plasmodium. (2) The immunology of plasmodium and prevalent; epidemiology,; preventive and treatment principle of Toxoplasma gondii. 3. Teaching methods . The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1.5 periods, experiment for 1.5 periods. Chapter 3 Trematodes Medical helminthes Introduction to trematodes 1. Main teaching contents (1) The status of trematoda in animal kingdom. (2) The morphological characteristics of trematoda. (3) The common characteristics of trematoda life cycle. (4) Main parasitic species. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the common characteristics of trematoda in life cycle. (2) Master the morphological characteristics of trematoda. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 10 minutes. Clonorchis sinensis 1. Main teaching contents (1) The morphology of adult and egg (2) Life cycle and pathogenesis (3) The symptoms pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment of clonorchiasis. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult and egg. (2) Master the life cycle, the pathogenesis and pathogenic diagnosis. (3) Realize the clinical manifestation, epidemic factor and preventive principles of clonorchiasis. 3 Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1 period, experiment for 1 periopd. Fasciolopsis buski 1. Main teaching contents (1) The morphology of adult and egg (2) Life cycle and pathogenesis (3) The symptoms, pathogenic diagnosis, Epidemiology, prevention and treatment of fasciolopsiasis 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult and egg. (2) Master the life cycle, the pathogenesis and pathogenic diagnosis. (3) Realize the clinical manifestation, epidemic factor and preventive principles of fasciolopsiasis. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 0.5 period, experiment for 0.5 period. Paragonimus westermani 1. Main teaching contents (1) The morphology of adult and egg. The lobed ovary and coiled uterus lie side by side, two lobed testes also lie side by side. (2) Life cycle. (3) The pathology of paragonimiasis. suppurative stage, cystic stage; fibrous-scar stage. (4) The clinical type: Pulmonary type, Brain type, Abdominnal type; Generalized or glandular type. (5) The diagnosis, epidemic, prevention and treatment of paragonimiasis. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Mster the morphological characteristics of adult and egg. (2) Master the life cycle and the pathogenesis. (3) Realize clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of paragonimiasis. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1periods, experiment for 0.5 periods and television will last 20 minutes. Pagumogonimus skrjabini 1. Main teaching contents (1) The morphological characteristics of adult. (2) Life cycle. (3) Pathogenesis: Larval migration. (4) Diagnosis:immunological test and biopsy. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Mast the characteristic of life cycle, pathogenesis and diagnosis. (2) Realize the morphological characteristics of adult. 3. Teaching methods This period is for self-study. Schistosoma 1. Main teaching contents (1) The morphological characteristics of adult, egg and cercaria of Schistosoma japonicum. (2) The life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum.. (3) The pathogenesis: granuloma formation surrounding eggs. (4) The clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of schistosomiasis. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult and egg of Schistosoma japonicum. (2) Master the characteristic of life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum. (3) Master the mechanism of pathogenesis: granuloma formation surrounding eggs. (4) Realize the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of Schistosomiasis. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1.5 period, experiment for 1 period and television will last 27 minutes. Cestodes (tapeworm) Introduction to Cestodes 1. Main teaching contents (1) The status of cestodes in animal kingdom. (2) The morphological characteristics of cestode: scolex; neck; strobilus (immature proglottid, mature proglottid and gravid proglottid.) (3) The common characteristics of cestode life cycle; the differences between the Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea. Metacestode. (4) Main parasitic species. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the common characteristics of cestoda in life cycle. (2) Master the morphological characteristics of cestoda. (3) Realize the classification of cestodes. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 10 minutes. Taenia solium 1. Main teaching contents (1) The morphological characteristics of adult, cysticercus cellulosae and eggs. (2) The life cycle of Taenia solium. (3) The pathogenesis of Taenia solium. (4) The clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of taeniasis and cysticercosis. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult, cysticercus cellulosae and eggs. (2) Master the characteristic of life cycle of Taenia solium. (3) Master the pathogenesis of Taenia solium (4) Realize the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of taeniasis and cysticercosis. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1 period, experiment for 1 period and television will last 27 minutes. Taenia saginata 1. Main teaching contents (1) The morphological characteristics of adult: compared with T. solium.. (2) The life cycle: compared with T. solium. (3) The pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemic factor, preventive principles and treatment of Taenia saginata infection. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the morphological characteristics, life cycle, pathogenesis. (2) Master the diagnosis, epidemic factor, preventive principles and treatment of Taenia saginata infection. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 0.5 period, experiment for 1 period. Nematodes Introduction to Nematodes 1. Main teaching contents (1) The status of nematode in animal kingdom. (2) The morphological characteristics of nematode. (3) The characteristics and patterns of the life cycle of nematode: soil-born nematode and organism–born nematode. (4) The important nematodes.. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the common characteristics of nematodes .in life cycle. (2) Master the morphological characteristics of nematodes. (3) Realize the classification of nematodes. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 20 minutes. Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm) 1 Main teaching contents (1) Morphology: the morphological features of adult worm, inner structure, identification of fertilized and unfertilized eggs. (2) The life cycle of roundworm and its features. (3) Pathogenicity of roundworm; larval effects (Ascaris pneumonia); adult effects (intestinal ascariasis); complications (intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, and biliary ascariasis, ect) . (4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of Ascaris infection. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master morphological features of roundworm adults and eggs. (2) Grasp life cycle, pathogenicity and pathogenic diagnostic methods of Ascaris. (3) Understand the epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of Ascaris infection. 3. Teaching methods One period is needed for giving lecture, PowerPoint will be used. Experiment will last 1periods. Television will last 14 minutes. Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) 1. Main teaching contents (1) Morphology of whipworm adults and eggs. (2) The life cycle of whipworm and its features. (3) Pathogenicity of whipworm. (4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of whipworm infection. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master morphological features of whipworm adults and eggs. (2) Grasp the features of life cycle, pathogenicity and pathogenic diagnostic methods of whipworm infection. (3) Understand the epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of whipworm infection. 3. Teaching methods Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 20 minutes. Experimental teaching will need 20 minutes. Enterobius vermicularis ( pinworm) (1) Main teaching contents (1) Morphology adults and eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. (2) The life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis. (3) Pathogenicity of Enterobius vermicularis. (4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of pinworm infection. (2) Main teaching requirements (1) Master morphological features of adults and eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. (2) Grasp life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis; Pathogenesis and pathogenic diagnostic methods of pinworm infection. (3) Know the epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of pinworm infection. 3 Teaching methods The lecture will need 0.5 period, PowerPoint will be used. Experimental teaching will need 1 period. Ancylostoma duodenale and Nector americanus (hookworm) 1 Main teaching contents (1) Morphology: the morphological features of adult worm, inner structure, identification points of Ancylostoma duodenale and Nector americanus. (2) The life cycle of hookworm and its features. (3) Pathogenicity of hookworms. (4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of hookworm infection. 2 Main teaching requirements (1) Know well morphological features of hookworm eggs and the identification point of two hookworm adults. (2) Grasp life cycle, pathogenicity of hookworms. (3) Understand the epidemiological factors, pathogenic diagnostic methods, preventive and treatment principle of hookworm infection. 3. Teaching methods (1) 1 periods are needed for giving lecture, PowerPoint will be used. Experiment will last 1 periods including a 30 minute video-teaching. Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi ( Filaria ) 1. Main teaching contents (1) Morphology: the morphology of adult worm of two species of filariae and microfilariae, the identification key point of two species of microfilariae. (2) The course of life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, the same and different points of the life cycle of two species of filaria. (3) Pathogenicity and clinical manifestations. (4) Diagnosis: Pathogenic diagnosis and immunodiagnosis (5) Epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of filarial infection. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master the morphological features and the identification point of microfilaria bancrofti and microfilaria malayi. (2) Grasp the features of life cycle and pathogenicity of filariae; pathogenic diagnostic methods of lymphatic filariasis. (3) Understand the clinical manifestation, geographic distribution, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of lymphatic filarial infection. 3. Teaching methods 1 periods are needed for giving lecture, PowerPoint will be used. Experiment will last 1 periods. Video-teaching will last 20 minutes. Chapter 4 Medical Arthropodology Introduction to Medical Arthopodolgy 1. Main teaching contents (1) Concept, character of arthopods and the species of medical arthopods. (2) Harm of medical arthopods to human health. (3) Estimation of vector-arthopods. (4) Control of medical arthopods. 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master concept and character of medical arthopods. (2) Grasp harmful effects of arthopods to human health. (3) Know how to judge and control vector-arthopods. 3. Teaching methods 1 periods are needed for giving lecture, using a multimedia teaching courseware. Arachnida 1. Main teaching contents (1) Characters of Class Arachnida (2)Various developing stages of life cycle of ticks and the differences of hard ticks and soft ticks; the Ecology and harms to human of ticks (3) Morphology life cycle, pathologic diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei. (4) The general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human; prevention and treatment principle of trombicule, gamasid and Demodex. (5) The general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human; prevention and treatment principle of dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D.farinae). 2. Main teaching requirements (1) Master characters of Class Arachnida (2) Master various developing stages of life cycle of ticks and the differences of hard ticks and soft ticks; the Ecology and harms to human of ticks (3) Master morphology life cycle, pathologic diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei. (4) Realize the general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human; prevention and treatment principle of trombicule, gamasid and Demodex. (5) Realize the general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human; prevention and treatment principle of dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D.farinae). 3. Teaching methods 0.5 periods are needed for giving lecture, using a multimedia teaching courseware, experimental teaching for 1 periods including a 27 minute video-teaching. The syllabus of Medical Microbiology Applicable students: clinical students in English classes. Class hours: It takes 62 hours to study this course. The study of theory needs 42 teaching hours, the study of experimental skill needs 20 teaching hours. Course introduction: Medical microbiology is a medical science that concerns the roles of particular species of microorganisms—bacteria, fungi, and parasites—as well as viruses in infectious diseases and in some chronic diseases of humans.Medical microbiology is an application of some principles of microbiology, and draws also from pathology, epidemiology, and immunology. Our lectures will introduce general principals of all pathogens and biological properties, pathogenesis, microbiological test and control and treatment of individual pathgen. It is an integral part of college life science courses and medical studies. The basic requirements: It will request students to grasp general principals of all pathogens and biological properties, pathogenesis, microbiological test and control and treatment of individual pathgen. Table: Teaching contents and time assignment of medical microbiology Chapter time Teaching contents introduction 1.5 1 2.5 Bacterial Morphology and Structure 2 1 3 0.5 4 1 5 2.5 6 Disinfection Bacterial Physiology and Sterilization Bacteriophage Bacterial Variation Bacterial Infection and Immunity 1 7 Cocci 3 8 3 Enteric 9 1 Bacilli Vibrio 10 1 Anaerobic Bacteria 11 2 Mycobacterium 12 1 Zoonotic Bacteria 13 0.5 14 0.5 15 2 16 2 17 2.5 General properties Important General of Fungi Pathogenic Fungi Properties of Viruses Infection and Immunity of Viruses Respiratory Viruses 18 2 Enterovirus 19 1.5 Gastroenteritis Viruses 20 2.5 21 1.5 22 2 23 2 Hepatitis Hemorrhagic Viruses Fever Viruses Herpes Virus Retrovirus 24 1 Other Total 42 Theoretical part (42hours) Introductioon [Aims and requirements] Master the definition of microorganism Master the classification of microorganism [Teaching contents] 1.Definition of microbe 2.classification and distribution of microorganisms 3.Relationship between microorganisms and human beings 4.Medical microbiology history [Focal and difficult points] Keys : Definition and classification of microorganisms. Difficult points: classification of microorganisms. PART Chapter 1 I BACTERIOLOGY Bacterial Morphology and Structure [Aims and requirements] Master the structure of bacteria and their functions Master the following concepts : Viruses plasmid 2. flagellum 3. pillus 4. capsule 5.L-form bacterium 6. mesosome 7. lipopolysaccharide(LPS) Understand the size and shape of bacteria. [teaching contents] 1.Size:Unit for bacteria measurement: micron or micrometer (μm). 2.Shape:Spherical (cocci) ;Cylindrical (bacilli);Helical (spiral bacteria) 3.Bacterial structures (1) Basic structures:Cell wall;Cell membrane;Cytoplasm;Nucleus (2) Special structures:Capsules;Flagella;Pili;Spore 4. Morphological and structural identification of bacteria [Focal and difficult points] Keys: the structure of bacteria Difficult points: the structure of bacteria Chapter 2 Bacterial Physiology [Aims and requirements] Master the mode and spead of B. reproduction. Master the reason that obligate anaerobes can’t grow in free oxygen condition. Master the metabolic products of bacteria. Master the following concepts: 1.pyrogen 2. antibiotics 3. bacteriocin Understand bacterial nutrition. Understand the growth and reproduction of bacteria [teaching contents] 1.Bacterial chemical components and physical characteristics 2.Bacterial nutrition 3.Growth and multiplication of bacteria (1) Mode and speed of bacterial multiplication (2) Bacterial growth curve---lag phase,logarithmic or exponential phase, stationary phase, decline phase. 4. Metabolism of bacteria: anabolism or assimilatlion, catabolism or dissimilation. 5. Artificial cultivation of bacteria 6.Bacterial classification and nomination [Focal and difficult points] Keys: Synthetic products of bacteria ;Bacterial growth curve; bacteria biochemical test Difficult points: Metabolism of bacteria,bacteria biochemical test Chapter 3 Disinfection and Sterilization [Aims and requirements] Master the condition of physical methods of disinfection. Master the mechanism of the antiseptic effect of chemical agents. Master the following concepts : 1.disinfection 2. sterilization 3. asepsis 4. antisepsis [teaching contents] 1.Definition:Disinfection;Sterilization;Antisepsis;Asepsis 2.Physical methods (1) Heat ① Dry heat: Incineration;burn;hot-air oven ② Moist heat :pasteurization;boiling;live steam; fractional sterilization;autoclaving (2) Radiation: ultraviolet light, X-rays, neutrons, alpha, beta and gamma rays. (3) Filtration: membrane filter, Seitz filter, etc. (4) Ultrasonic vibrations (5) Drying and low temperature (6) Cold: lyophilization (freeze-drying). 3. Chemical methods and their mechanisms (1) Common disinfectants (2) Applications of disinfectants (3) Factors influencing chemical disinfectants [Focal and difficult points] Keys : the conditions and applications of physical methods of disinfection. Difficult points: the conditions and applications of physical methods of disinfection. Chapter 4 Bacteriophage [Aims and requirements] Master the interrelation between phage and bacteria Understand the.size, shape and structure of phage. [teaching contents] 1. Biological characteristics of bacteriophage (phage) 2. Lytic cycle of virulent phage 3. Lysogenic bacterium or temperate phage 4. Applications of phage [Focal and difficult points] Keys : the interrelation between phage and temperate phage; Lytic cycle of virulent phage Difficult points: bacteria ; Lysogenic bacterium or Applications of phage Chapter 5 [Aims and requirements] Master the characteisticrs of plasmid. Bacterial Variation Master the mechanism of mutation and gene transfer of bacteria. Master the following concepts : 1. heredity(inberitance) 2. variation 3. Plasmid 4 Mutation 5. genetic transfer transformation 7 conjugation 8 transduction 9 lysogenic conversion . 6 Master the interrelation between phage and bacteria Master the following concepts : 1. lysogenic state 2. lysogenic phage (temperate phage) 3.lysogenic bacteria 4.prophage [teaching contents] 1. Phenomena of bacterial Variation 2. Genetic basis of bacterial variation:Bacterial chromosome;Plasmid; Translocation Factor 3. Mechanism of bacterial variation (1) Gene mutation (2) Gene transfer and recombination: Transformation; Conjugation;Transduction ;Lysogenic conversion; Protoplast fusion 4. Application of bacterial variation [Focal and difficult points] Keys : Mechanism of bacterial variation Difficult points: Mechanism of bacterial variation Chapter 6 Bacterial Infection and Immunity [Aims and requirement] Master the initiate infection of opportunistic pathogenic B. Master the functions of normal flora Master the following concepts : 1. normal flora 2. opportunistic pathogenic B Master the mechanism of bacterial virulence Master the immunity mechanism of bacterial infection [teaching contents] 1.Definitions:Pathogen (Pathogenic bacterium);Nonpathogen bacterium);Opportunistic bacterium;Normal flora; Hospital acquired infection (Nonpathogenic 2.Bacterial pathogenicity (1) Virulence: LD50, ID50. (2) Invasiveness: Capsule;Adhesin;Invasive substances (3) Toxins ①Exotoxins: neurotoxin, cytotoxin, enterotoxin ②Endotoxins: Fever;Leukopenia and leukocytosis;Endotoxemia and shock ;Shwartzman phenomenon and disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC). (4)Bacterial amount (5)Bacterial colonization 3. Immunity of host (1) Nonspecific immunity or innate immunity (2) Specific immunity or Acquired immunity 4. Original and devolopment of Bacterial Infection (1) Source of infection:Exogenous infection;Endogenous condition (2) Routes of infection (3) Kinds of infection: Inapparent or subclinical infection; Latent infecction; Apparent infection. Acute infection; Chronic infection. Local infection and Generalized or systemic infection: Toxemia;Endotoxemia ;Bacteremia; Septicemia; Pyemia. (4) Carrier state: carrier [Focal and difficult points] Keys : endotoxin and exotoxin Difficult points: endotoxin biological effects Chapter 7 Cocci [Aims and requirements] Master the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Master the following concepts : Coagulase 2.SPA 3.M protein 4.LTA 5.Streptolysin Understand the pathogenicity of Pneumococcus, Meningococcus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. [teaching contents] Gram positive cocci:Staphylococcus; Streptococcus Gram negative cocci:Neisseria 1.Staphylococcus (1) General characteristics (2) Pathogenicity ①Exotoxins and enzymes ②Clinical manifestations a. Invasive diseases b. Toxinosis:Food poisoning;Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS);Toxic shock syndrome (3) Immunity: weak (4) Bacteriological diagnosis (5) Treatment and prevention 2.Streptococcus (1)General characteristics (2)Pathogenicity Group A streptococcus: Pyogenic streptococcus ①Exotoxins and invasive enzymes ②Clinical manifestations a.Pyogenic infection b.Toxic infection: scarlet fever c. Poststreptococcal allergic diseases: acute glomerulonephritis,rheumatic fever. Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae): Normal flora Group D streptococcus: Normal flora Alpha hemolytic streptococcus: Streptococcus mutans (related to decay tooth), etc. (3)Immunity:Type-specific (4)Bacteriological diagnosis (5)Treatment and prevention 3.Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) (1) General characteristics (2)Pathogenicity:lobar pneumonia (3) Immunity: type-specific capsular antibodies. (4) Bacteriological diagnosis (5) Treatment and prevention: Polyvalent capsular vaccine. 4. Neisseria. meningitidis (meningococcus): (1) General characteristics (2) Pathogenicity: pathogenic substances are capsule, pili and endotoxin; pathogen of epidemic meningitis. (3) Immunity: group-specific anticapsular antibodies. (4) Bacteriological diagnosis (5) Treatment and prevention 5. N. gonorrhoeae (gonococcus): (1) General characteristics (2) pathogenicity:pathogenic substances: pili, outermembranous protein, IgA1 protenase. Clinical disease: gonorrhea. (3) Immunity (4) Bacteriological diagnosis (5) Treatment and prevention: 1% AgNO3 for baby eyes. [Focal and difficult points] Keys : pathogenesis of five pathogenic cocci Difficult points: bacteriological diagnosis of five pathogenic cocci Chapter 8 Enteric Bacilli [Aims and requirements] Master the common properties of Enteric Bacilli. Master the pathogenesis of Escherichia, Salmonella and Shigella. Master the following concepts : 1.Colonization factors 2.LT 3.ST 4.Vi antigen Understand the biological properties of Escherichia, Salmonella and Shigella. [teaching contents] 1. Common characteristics 2. Escherichia.coli (1) Pathogenicity Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) Enteroaggregative E. Coli(EaggEC) (2) Microbiological diagonsis 3. Shigella (dysentery bacteria) (1) Genral characteristics (2) Pathogenicity 1) Pathogenic substances: pili; endotoxin; Shiga toxin. 2) Clinical manifestations: cause human bacterial dysentery--acute,chronic. (3) Immunity: SIgA. (4) Bacteriological diagnosis (5) Treatment and prevention 4.Salmonella (1) Antigenic structure:O,H and Vi antigens. (2) Pathogenicity 1) Virulence: Vi antigen; endotoxin; enterotoxin 2) Clinical manifestations a. Enteric fever: typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever. b. Gastroenteritis: food poisoning. c. Septicemia d. Asymptamatic Carrier 3) Immunity: Intracellular immunity (3) Bacteriological diagnosis (4) Prevention: vaccination. [Focal and difficult points] Keys : pathogenesis of enteric bacilli Difficult points: biochemical properties of enteric bacilli Chapter 9 Vibrio [Aims and requirement] Master the pathogenesis of V.cholera. Understand the biological properties of V.cholera. [teaching contents] 1.V. cholerae (1)General characteristcs (2) Pathogenicity: cholera (3) Immunity (4) Bacteriological diagnosis (5) Prevention: vaccination. 2. V. parahemolyticus [Focal and difficult points] Keys: pathogenesis of vibrio Difficult points: pathogenicity of enteric toxin of V.cholera Chapter 10 Anaerobic Bacteria [Aims and requirements] Master the classification of Anaerobic bacteria. Master the pathogenesis of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii and Clostridium botulinum. Master the difference on infection between Spore-forming anaerobes and Non- spore-forming anaerobes Understand the biological properties and control of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii and Clostridium botulinum. [teaching contents] 1. Categories Spore-forming and nonspore-forming 2. Clostridium. tetani (1) General characteristics (2) Pathogenicity: tetanus. (3) Immunity; humoral immunity (antitoxin). (4) Treatment and prevention: tetanus antitoxin (TAT); DPT vaccine. 3. C. perfringens (1) General characteristics (2) Pathogenicity: gas gangrene, food poisoning, necrotic enteritis (3) Bacteriological diagnosis 4. C. botulinum (1) General characteristics (2) Pathogenicity:botulism (3) Bacteriological diagnosis (4) Treatment and prevention 5. C. difficile 6. Nonspore-forming anaerobic organisms [Focal and difficult points] Keys : pathogenesis,control and treatment of Clostridium Difficult points: pathogenicity of Clostridium Chapter 11 Mycobacterium [Aims and requirement] Master the biological properties, pathogenicity and immunity of M.tuberculosis. Master the following concepts : 1.BCG 2. T u b e r c u l i n t e s t [teaching contents] 1. M.tuberculosis (human tubercle bacillus) (1) General characteristics (2) Pathogenicity: (3) Immunity: (4) Bacteriological diagnosis (5)Prevention: BCG vaccination. 2. M. leprae (1)General characteristics (2)Pathogenicity and immunity: pathogen of leprosy (3)Bacteriological diagnosis (4) Prevention: BCG vaccination. [Focal and difficult points] Keys: biological properties,pathogenesis,immunity of TB and principle, significance of OT test. Difficult points: pathogenesis and immunity of TB Chapter 12 Zoonotic Bacteria [Aims and requirements] Master the biological properties and pathogenesis of brucella,Y.pestis and B.anthracis Understand the prevention and control of brucella,Y.pestis and B.anthracis [teaching contents] 1.Brucella (1)General characteristics (2)Pathogenicity and immunity: intracellular pathogen,infection immunity; endotoxin, capsule and invasive enzymes (3)Bacteriological diagnosis (4)Prevention: live attenuated vaccine for animal immunization. 2.Yersinia.pestis (1)General characteristics (2)Pathogenicity and immunity: (3) Bacteriological diagnosis: specimens, stained smear, culture. serological diagnosis, animal inoculation. (4)Prevention: live attenuated vaccine. 3. Y.enterocolitics: Cause human enteritis. 4. Y.pseudotuberculosis: Cause intestinal mesenteric lymphadenitis. 5. Bacillus: B.anthracis, B.cereus. (1)General characteristics (2)Pathogenicity (3)Immunity (4)Bcteriological diagnosis (5)Prevention [Focal and difficult points] Keys: morphology and pathogenesis of zoonotic bacteria Difficult points: pathogenesis of zoonotic bacteria PART II MYCOLOGY Chapter 13 General properties [Aims and requirements] Master the major biological properties and pathogenicity of fungi Understand fungi dimorphism [teaching contents] 1.General characteristics of Fungi (1) Morphology (2) Culture (3) Multiplication (4) Resistance 2.Pathogenicity (1)True pathogenic fungal infection (2)Opportunistic pathogenic fungal infection (3)Fungal allergic diseases (4)Mycotoxicosis (5)Mycotoxin and tumor 3. Immunity 4.Microbiological diagnosis 5.Prevention and treatment [Focal and difficult points] Keys: General characteristics of fungi Difficult points: General characteristics of fungi Chapter 14 Important Pathogenic Fungi [Aims and requirements] Master the major pathogenic fungi and diseases caused by them [teaching contents] 1.Fungi of Superficial keratinized infection: Superfical mycoses 2.Fungi of skin infection:Cutaneous mycoses 3.Fungi of subcutaneous infection:Subcutaneous mycoses 4.Fungi of deep infection:Deep mycoses or systemic mycoses 5.Fungi of conditioned infection: Opportunistic mycoses [Focal and difficult points] Keys : pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi Difficult points: pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi PART Chapter 15 III General VIROLOGY Properties of Viruses [Aims and requirements] Master virus concept ,shape and structure Master virus multiplication ,interferon and variation Understand virus classification and effects of physical and chemical factors [Teaching contents] 1.General properties of viruses 2.Size:nm as virion measurement unit 3.Shapes:Spherical,rod-shaped, bullet-shaped,brick-shaped, filament, tadpole-shaped. 4.Structure and chemical compositions Viral core;Capsid ;Envelope 5.Culture and Replication of viruses Replication cycle: Adsorption ;Penetration;Uncoating;Biosynthesis;Maturation or assembly and release 6.abnormal replication 7.Viral variation 8.Classfication of viruses [Focal and difficult points] Keys : general properties,size and shape of virion; structure and replication cycle of virus Difficult points: Mechanism of virus variation Chapter 16 [Aims and requirements] Infection and Immunity of Viruses Master the modes, routes of transmission and types of virus infection Master virus pathogenesis Master the anti-virus mechanisms , bioactivities and function properties of IFN Understand the characteristics of immunity against virus infection [Teaching contents] 1.Pathogenesis of virus (1) Direct damage of viral infection on host cell (2) Immunopathology 2.Anti-virus immunity 3.Types of viral infection [Focal and difficult points] Keys : Mechanism of virus infection on host cell Difficult points: Mechanism of virus infection on host cell . Chapter 17 Respiratory Viruses [Aims and requirements] Master the main respiratory viruses Master all the contents of influenza virus Master the pathogenesis of parainfluenza virus,mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus , measles virus , rubella virus, Rhinovirus,Coronavirus and adenovirus. understand the biological properties of other respiratory virus [Teaching contents] 1.Catagories 2.Influenza virus (1) Biological properties (2)Pathogenicity and immunity (3)Laboratory diagnosis (4)Prophylaxis and treatment: personal hygiene; trivalence dead vaccine. 3.Measles virus: pathogen of measles; H and F protein on the spikes; catarrhea symptoms and Koplik spot; long immunity after recovery; attenuated vaccine. 4.Mumps virus: pathogen of mumps with testitis; H,N and F protein on the spikes; MMR vaccine. 5.Respiratory syncytial virus: main pathogen of infantile acute asthmatic bronchitis or pneumonia; specific immunocomplex stimulate viral infection. 6.Adenovirus: naked dsDNA, icosahedral symmetry; cause infantile upper respiratory infection. 7.Rubella virus: cause congenital rubella syndrome. 8.Rhinovirus 9.Coronavirus [Focal and difficult points] Keys : structure, pathogenesis of influenza virus Difficult points: influenza virus variation Chapter 18 Enterovirus [Aims and requirement] Master the members of enterovirus and common properties of them Master the disease caused by enterovirus Understand the vaccine of polio [Teaching contents] 1.Categories 2.Common characteristics 3.Polio virus (1)Pathogenicity and immunity ①Source of infection: apparent and subclinical patients. ②Entrance of infection: fecal-oral. ③Pathogenesis: only much less than 0.1% subjects exposed to polio virus form the flaccid paralysis. (2)Immunity: SIgA and neutralizing antibody (IgG, IgA, IgM) persist for life span. (3)Prophylaxis and treatment:trivalence oral poliovirus attenuated vaccine (TOPV). 4.Coxsackie virus (1)General characteristics (2)Pathogenicity aseptic meningitis; mild paralysis; pleurodynia; hand, foot, mouth diseases; myocardiopathy; diabetes mellitus. (3)Microbiological diagnosis 5. ECHO virus [Focal and difficult points] Keys : common characteristics of enterovirus;pathogenesis and prevention of polio virus. Difficult points: pathogenesis and prevention of polio virus. Chapter 19 Gastroenteritis Viruses [Aims and requirement] Master the biological properties and pathogenesis of rotavirus Understand Calicivirus and Astroviruses [Teaching contents] 1. Human rotavirus (1) Biological properties (2)Pathogenicity and immunity: main pathogen of infantile diarrhea. (3)Laboratory diagnosis: 2.Enteric adenovirus 3.Calicivirus 4.Astroviruses [Focal and difficult points] Keys : pathogenesis of human rotavirus Difficult points: pathogenesis of human rotavirus Chapter 20 Hepatitis Viruses [Aims and requirement] Master all the contents of hepatitis A and B Understand hepatitis C,D,E [Teaching contents] 1.Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) (1)Biological properties (2)Pathogenicity and immunity (3) Laboratory diagnosis (4)Prevention and treatment 2.Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (1) Biological properties: (2) Pathogenicity and immunity: (3) Laboratory diagnosis: (4) Prevention and treatment: 3.Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (1)Biological properties: (2)Pathogenicity and immunity: (3)Laboratory diagnosis: (4)Prevention and treatment: 4. Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) 5.Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) [Focal and difficult points] Keys : transmission routes,pathogenesis,microbiological detection and prevention of hepatitis virus. Difficult points: pathogenesis,microbiological detection of hepatitis virus. Chapter 21Arthropod borne virus and hemorrhagic fever virus [Aims and requirement] Master the biological properties and pathogenesis of Type B encephalitis virus and Hantavirus Understand other hemorrhagic fever virus [Teaching contents] 1.Type B encephalitis virus (1)Biological properties (2)Epidemiology (3)Pathogenicity: epidemic type B encephalitis (4)Laboratory diagnosis (5)Prevention and treatment 2.Hantaan virus (1)Biological properties (2)Epidemiology (3)Pathogenicity: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (4)Laboratory diagnosis (5)Prevention and treatment: inactivated vaccine for prevention. 3.Xing Jiang hemorrhagic fever virus [Focal and difficult points] Keys : Epidemiology,pathogenesis of type B encephalitis virus and hantaan virus. Difficult points: hantaan virus. Epidemiology,pathogenesis of type B encephalitis virus and Chapter 22 Herpes [Aims and Requirement] Master the members and common properties of herpesvirus Master the infection types of HSV Master the pathogenicity of HSV,VZV CMV and EBV Understand Human herpes virus-6 ,7 and human herpes virus-8 [Teaching contents] Virus 1.Common properties 2.Herpes simplex virus (HSV) (1) Biological properties: 2 serotypes --- HSV-1, HSV-2. (2) Pathogenicity: ①Infection types: primary infection; secondary infection; congenital infection. ②Site: HSV-1 generally causes infection above the waist, related to carcinoma of lip. HSV-2 usually causes infection below the waist, related to carcinoma of cervix. 3.Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) (1)Primary infection: vesicular eruption in children, viral pneumonia in adults; formation of intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies. (2)Reinfection: zoster which considered to be a reactivation form of varicella. 4.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (1)Intranuclear acidophilic inclulsion body. (2)Transmission: congenital infection; Perinatal infection; contact infection; blood transfusion. (3)Attenuated live vaccine. 5.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (1)Diseases: mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and related to naso- pharyngeal carcinoma. (2)Latent infection. 6.Human herpes virus-6 7.Human herpes virus-7: its pathogenicity is unknown. 8.Human herpes virus-8 [Focal and difficult points] Keys : pathogenesis characteristics of HSV,CMV,VZV Difficult points: pathogenesis characteristics of HSV,CMV,VZV Chapter 23 Retrovirus [Aims and Requirement] Master transmission of HIV Master the structure and pathogenesis of HIV Understand genome structure, replication,diagnosis, control and treatment of HIV Understand HTLV-I,II [Teaching contents] 1.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): pathogen of AIDS. (1) Biological properties: (2)pathogenicity and immunity: ①Source of infection: patients and asympatomatic HIV carriers. ②Transmission: sexual, vertical and blood transfusion. ③Clinical manifestations: HIV--primary acute phase manifestions)-----predisposing factors asymptomatic incubation---------AIDS (non-specific ④Pathogenesis: damage of CD4 cells (Th cell); monocyte-macrophage etc. ⑤Immunity: neutralizing antibodies (anti-gp120); cellular immunity: ADCC,CTL,NK. (3)Laboratory diagnosis: ①Detection of antibody: ELISA,RIA,IFA,WB. ②Detection of virus and viral components: viral RT;viral antigens; HIV RNA. (4)Prevention and treatment 2.HTLV-I,II (1)Biological propertie (2)Pathogenicity: ①Transmission: vertical, sexual and blood transfusion. ②Only infecting CD4 T cell. ③HTLV-I relating with T cell leukemia; HTLV-II relating with chronic lymphoma etc. [Focal and difficult points] Keys : transmission routes,pathogenesis,prevention of HIV Difficult points: pathogenesis of HIV Chapter 24 Other Viruses [Aims and Requirement] Master prevention of rabies virus Master the biological properties ,routes of transmission and pathogenesis of rabies virus Master the disease caused by HPV and Human parvovirus B19 Understand the biological properties of rabies virus [Teaching contents] 1.Rabies virus (1)Biological properties (2)Pathogenicity: rabies or hydrophobia. (3)Laboratory diagnosis (4)Prevention and treatment 2.Human papillomavirus (HPV) (1)Biological properties (2)Pathogenicity and immunity (3)Laboratory diagnosis: detection of viral antigens in tissue,PCR. 3.Human parvovirus B19 [Focal and difficult points] Keys : pathogenesis and prevention and treatment of rabies virus Difficult points: pathogenesis of rabies virus Experimental part (20 hours) Medical microbiology experiments Table: Teaching contents and time assignment of medical microbiology experiments Experiment Teaching contents time 1 4 hours 1.Introduction of bacteria culture media 2.Gram’s stain of 3.Isolation cultivation of pathegenic cocci in the pus specimen 4.Examination of bacteria in air 5.Examination of bacteria in oral cavity 6.Examination of bacteria on hands 7.Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test 2 4 hours 1.Identify the cultural characteristics of a bacterium on your agar plates 2.Gram’s stain of bacteria on culture plate 3.Coagulase test 4.Antibiotic susceptibility test—paper disk method 5.Observe the results of Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test 6.Observe the cultivation results of bacteria in air,oral cavity and hands. 3 4 hours 1.Observe the results of the antibiotic sensitivity test 2.Capsule stain 3.summary of identification of pathogenic cocci from clinical specimen(pus) 4 4 hours 1.Acid fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2.Silver stain of Borrelia vincentii 5 1. cultivation of fungi 2. Observe the cultivation results of Candida albicans and filamentous fungi Total 20 hours Experiment 1 [Aims and Requirements] Master the approach of Gram stain. Master the definition,classification of culture media Master the methods of inoculating bacteria onto culture plate. Master the methods of sterile culture media. Master the preparation of plate agar. [Teaching contents] 1.Introduction of bacteria culture media 2.Gram’s stain of 3.Isolation cultivation of pathegenic cocci in the pus specimen 4.Examination of bacteria in air 5.Examination of bacteria in oral cavity 6.Examination of bacteria on hands 7.Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test [Focal and difficult points] Keys : Gram stain;definition and classification of culture media;inoculation methods Difficult points:3 regions streaking on plate Experiment 2 [Aims and Requirements] Master the principle of Gram stain. Master how to describe the properties of colonies Master the principles and methods of coagulase and antibiotic susceptibility test Master the principle of Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test [Teaching contents] 1.Identify the cultural characteristics of a bacterium on your agar plates 2.Gram’s stain of bacteria on culture plate 3.Coagulase test 4.Antibiotic susceptibility test—paper disk method 5.Observe the results of Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test 6.Observe the cultivation results of bacteria in air,oral cavity and hands. [Focal and difficult points] Keys : the principle of Gram stain, the principles and methods of coagulase test and antibiotic susceptibility test Difficult points: the principles and methods of coagulase test Experiment 3 [Aims and Requirements] Master the principles,procedures, results observation of capsule stain Master the results observation of antibiotic susceptibility test. [Teaching contents] 1.Observe the results of the antibiotic sensitivity test 2.Capsule stain 3.summary of identification of pathogenic cocci from clinical specimen(pus) [Focal and difficult points] Keys : the principle of capsule stain, the results observation of antibiotic susceptibility test Difficult points:procedures of capsule stain Experiment 4 [Aims and Requirements] Master the principles,procedures, results observation of Acid fast stain Master the principles,procedures, results observation of Silver stain [Teaching contents] 1.Acid fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2.Silver stain of Borrelia vincentii [Focal and difficult points] Keys : the principles,procedures, results observation of acid fast stain the principles,procedures, results observation of Silver stain Difficult points: the principles of acid fast stain Experiment 5 [Aims and Requirements] Master the morphology of fungi spore and hypha [Teaching contents] Observe the cultivation results of Candida albicans and filamentous fungi [Focal and difficult points] Keys : morphology of fungi spore and hypha