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The syllabus of Human
Parasitology
(for clinical students in English
classes)
Teaching Target
Human Parasitology is the study of those species of the animal kingdom that cause disease
in human beings. The teaching target of human parasitology is helping medical students to grasp
the morphological features, life cycle and main harm of the parasites to human beings and
vector-arthopods, to master the basic technology of common parasite examination and to establish
foundation for clinical medicine, preventive medicine and the control of parasitic diseases.
Table: Teaching contents and time assignment of Human Parasitology
Teaching contents
General introduction
Introduction to Medical Protozoa
Lectures
0.5
Experiments
2
0.5
Entamoeba Histolytica
0.5
1.5
Zoomastigophorea
0.5
1
Sporozoa
1.5
Trematodes
3
Cestodes
1
Nematodes
1
Introduction to Medical Arthropods
0.5
Arachnida
0.5
Total
8
3
2
4
1
16
Teaching contents and requirements
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Parasitology
1. Main teaching contents
(1) Common terms about parasite: host, intermediate host, final host, reservoir
host, paratenic host, life cycle, infective stage, zoonosis.
(2) Host-parasite relations.
(3) The characteristics and function of immunity to parasitic infection.
(4) The epidemic links, factors and characters of parasite diseases.
(5) The scope of Human Parasitology, classification of parasites and characters of
parasitic nutrition and metabolism.
(6) The characters of parasitic infection and diseases.
(7) The diagnosis of parasitic diseases and preventing and treating principle of
parasitic diseases.
(8) The current situation of parasitic diseases, progress, achievements of
prevention and treatment of parasitoses.
2. Main teaching requirements
1) Mastering contents
(1) Common terms about parasite: host, intermediate host, final host, reservoir
host, paratenic host, life cycle, infective stage, zoonosis.
(2) Host-parasite relations.
2) Familiarizing contents
(1) The characteristics and function of immunity to parasitic infection.
(2) The epidemic links, factors and characters of parasite diseases.
3) Realizing contents
(1) The scope of Human Parasitology, classification of parasites and characters
of parasitic nutrition and metabolism.
(2) The characters of parasitic infection and diseases
(3) The diagnosis of parasitic diseases and preventing and treating principle of
parasitic diseases.
(4) The current situation of parasitic diseases, progress, achievements of
prevention and treatment of parasitoses.
3. Teaching methods
The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1.5 periods,
experiment for 2 period.
Chapter 2
Medical Protozoa
Introduction to Medical Protozoa
Main teaching contents and requirements
1. Master the conception of protozoa, alternation of generation, trophzoite, cyst
and characteristics of morphology, physiology, life cycle and pathogenesis of Medical
Protozoa
2. Realize the classification of Medical Protozoa
Lobosea (amoebae)
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity of Entamoeba histilytica, clinical
features, clinical form of amoebiasis and laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis.
(2) The morphological differentiation between Entamoeba histilytica and other
non-pathogenic amoebae in digestive tract and free living amoebae.
(3) The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of
amoebiasis.
2. Main teaching requirements
1) Mastering contents
(1) Master the Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity; clinical features ; clinical
form of amoebiasis. And laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis.
(2) The morphological differentiation between Entamoeba histilytica and other
non-pathogenic amoebae.in digestive tract (E.coli).
2) Familiarizing contents
The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of
amoebiasis.
3) Realizing contents
The other non-pathogenic amoebae. And free living amoebae.
3. Teaching methods
The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1 periods, experiment for
1.5 periods.
Flagellates
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity of Leishmania donovani, Giardia
lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis; clinical features, laboratory diagnosis
of kala-azar, giardiasis and trichomoniasis.
(2) The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of
Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis.
(3) (Study by self)：the morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity, epidemiology,
preventive treatment principle of Trypanosoma.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Mastering contents
(2) The Morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity of Leishmania donovani, Giardia
lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis; clinical features, laboratory diagnosis of
kala-azar, giardiasis and trichomoniasis.
(3) Familiarizing contents
The epidemiological features, preventive treatment principle and drugs of
Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis.
Realizing contents
(study by self) ： The morphology, life cycle, pathogenecity epidemiology,
preventive and treatment principle of Trypanosoma.
3. Teaching methods
The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1 periods, experiment for 1
periods.
Sporozoa
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The general characteristics of Class Sporozoa.
(2) The Morphology (erythrocytic-stage), life cycle and pathogenecity of
Plasmodium vivax, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, preventive and
treatment principle of malaria.
(3) Morphology of ring form and gametocyte of P.f ;
(4) Main differentiation of morphology and life cycle among 4 species of human
plasmodium;
(5) The immunology of plasmodium and Prevalent; Epidemiology; preventive
and treatment principle of Toxoplasma gondii.
2. Main teaching requirements
1) Mastering contents
(1) The general characteristics of Class Sporozoa.
(2) The Morphology (erythrocytic-stage) , life cycle and pathogenecity of
Plasmodium vivax, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, preventive and
treatment principle of malaria.
(3) Morphology of ring form and gametocyte of P.f.
2) Familiarizing contents
(1) Main differentiation of morphology and life cycle among 4 species of human
plasmodium.
(2) The immunology of plasmodium and prevalent; epidemiology,; preventive
and treatment principle of Toxoplasma gondii.
3. Teaching methods
. The PowerPoint will be used during the teaching activity. It needs 1.5 periods, experiment
for 1.5 periods.
Chapter 3
Trematodes
Medical helminthes
Introduction to trematodes
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The status of trematoda in animal kingdom.
(2) The morphological characteristics of trematoda.
(3) The common characteristics of trematoda life cycle.
(4) Main parasitic species.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the common characteristics of trematoda in life cycle.
(2) Master the morphological characteristics of trematoda.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 10 minutes.
Clonorchis sinensis
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The morphology of adult and egg
(2) Life cycle and pathogenesis
(3) The symptoms pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment of clonorchiasis.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult and egg.
(2) Master the life cycle, the pathogenesis and pathogenic diagnosis.
(3) Realize the clinical manifestation, epidemic factor and preventive principles of clonorchiasis.
3 Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1 period, experiment for 1 periopd.
Fasciolopsis buski
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The morphology of adult and egg
(2) Life cycle and pathogenesis
(3) The symptoms,
pathogenic diagnosis, Epidemiology, prevention and treatment of
fasciolopsiasis
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult and egg.
(2) Master the life cycle, the pathogenesis and pathogenic diagnosis.
(3) Realize the clinical manifestation, epidemic factor and preventive principles of fasciolopsiasis.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 0.5 period, experiment for 0.5 period.
Paragonimus westermani
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The morphology of adult and egg. The lobed ovary and coiled uterus lie side by side, two
lobed testes also lie side by side.
(2) Life cycle.
(3) The pathology of paragonimiasis. suppurative stage, cystic stage; fibrous-scar stage.
(4) The clinical type: Pulmonary type, Brain type, Abdominnal type; Generalized or glandular
type.
(5) The diagnosis, epidemic, prevention and treatment of paragonimiasis.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Mster the morphological characteristics of adult and egg.
(2) Master the life cycle and the pathogenesis.
(3) Realize clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of
paragonimiasis.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1periods, experiment for 0.5 periods and
television will last 20 minutes.
Pagumogonimus skrjabini
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The morphological characteristics of adult.
(2) Life cycle.
(3) Pathogenesis: Larval migration.
(4) Diagnosis：immunological test and biopsy.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Mast the characteristic of life cycle, pathogenesis and diagnosis.
(2) Realize the morphological characteristics of adult.
3. Teaching methods
This period is for self-study.
Schistosoma
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The morphological characteristics of adult, egg and cercaria of Schistosoma japonicum.
(2) The life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum..
(3) The pathogenesis: granuloma formation surrounding eggs.
(4) The clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of
schistosomiasis.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult and egg of Schistosoma japonicum.
(2) Master the characteristic of life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum.
(3) Master the mechanism of pathogenesis: granuloma formation surrounding eggs.
(4) Realize the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of
Schistosomiasis.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1.5 period, experiment for 1 period and
television will last 27 minutes.
Cestodes (tapeworm)
Introduction to Cestodes
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The status of cestodes in animal kingdom.
(2) The morphological characteristics of cestode: scolex; neck; strobilus (immature proglottid,
mature proglottid and gravid proglottid.)
(3) The common characteristics of cestode life cycle; the differences between the
Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea. Metacestode.
(4) Main parasitic species.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the common characteristics of cestoda in life cycle.
(2) Master the morphological characteristics of cestoda.
(3) Realize the classification of cestodes.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 10 minutes.
Taenia
solium
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The morphological characteristics of adult, cysticercus cellulosae and eggs.
(2) The life cycle of Taenia solium.
(3) The pathogenesis of Taenia solium.
(4) The clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of taeniasis
and cysticercosis.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the morphological characteristics of adult, cysticercus cellulosae and eggs.
(2) Master the characteristic of life cycle of Taenia solium.
(3) Master the pathogenesis of Taenia solium
(4) Realize the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, epidemic factor and preventive principles of
taeniasis and cysticercosis.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 1 period, experiment for 1 period and
television will last 27 minutes.
Taenia saginata
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The morphological characteristics of adult: compared with T. solium..
(2) The life cycle: compared with T. solium.
(3) The pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemic factor, preventive principles and treatment of Taenia
saginata infection.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the morphological characteristics, life cycle, pathogenesis.
(2) Master the diagnosis, epidemic factor, preventive principles and treatment of Taenia saginata
infection.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 0.5 period, experiment for 1 period.
Nematodes
Introduction to Nematodes
1. Main teaching contents
(1) The status of nematode in animal kingdom.
(2) The morphological characteristics of nematode.
(3) The characteristics and patterns of the life cycle of nematode: soil-born nematode and
organism–born nematode.
(4) The important nematodes..
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the common characteristics of nematodes .in life cycle.
(2) Master the morphological characteristics of nematodes.
(3) Realize the classification of nematodes.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 20 minutes.
Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm)
1 Main teaching contents
(1) Morphology: the morphological features of adult worm, inner structure, identification of
fertilized and unfertilized eggs.
(2) The life cycle of roundworm and its features.
(3) Pathogenicity of roundworm; larval effects (Ascaris pneumonia); adult effects (intestinal
ascariasis); complications (intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, and biliary ascariasis, ect) .
(4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of Ascaris
infection.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master morphological features of roundworm adults and eggs.
(2) Grasp life cycle, pathogenicity and pathogenic diagnostic methods of Ascaris.
(3) Understand the epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of Ascaris
infection.
3. Teaching methods
One period is needed for giving lecture, PowerPoint will be used. Experiment will last
1periods. Television will last 14 minutes.
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
1. Main teaching contents
(1) Morphology of whipworm adults and eggs.
(2) The life cycle of whipworm and its features.
(3) Pathogenicity of whipworm.
(4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of
whipworm infection.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master morphological features of whipworm adults and eggs.
(2) Grasp the features of life cycle, pathogenicity and pathogenic diagnostic methods of
whipworm infection.
(3) Understand the epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of whipworm
infection.
3. Teaching methods
Lecture with multimedia teaching courseware for 20 minutes. Experimental teaching will
need 20 minutes.
Enterobius vermicularis ( pinworm)
(1) Main teaching contents
(1) Morphology adults and eggs of Enterobius vermicularis.
(2) The life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis.
(3) Pathogenicity of Enterobius vermicularis.
(4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of
pinworm infection.
(2) Main teaching requirements
(1) Master morphological features of adults and eggs of Enterobius vermicularis.
(2) Grasp life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis; Pathogenesis and pathogenic diagnostic
methods of pinworm infection.
(3) Know the epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of pinworm infection.
3 Teaching methods
The lecture will need 0.5 period, PowerPoint will be used. Experimental teaching will need 1
period.
Ancylostoma duodenale and Nector americanus (hookworm)
1 Main teaching contents
(1) Morphology: the morphological features of adult worm, inner structure, identification points
of Ancylostoma duodenale and Nector americanus.
(2) The life cycle of hookworm and its features.
(3) Pathogenicity of hookworms.
(4) Pathogenic diagnosis, epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of
hookworm infection.
2 Main teaching requirements
(1) Know well morphological features of hookworm eggs and the identification point of two
hookworm adults.
(2) Grasp life cycle, pathogenicity of hookworms.
(3) Understand the epidemiological factors, pathogenic diagnostic methods, preventive and
treatment principle of hookworm infection.
3. Teaching methods
(1) 1 periods are needed for giving lecture, PowerPoint will be used. Experiment will last 1
periods including a 30 minute video-teaching.
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi ( Filaria )
1. Main teaching contents
(1) Morphology: the morphology of adult worm of two species of filariae and microfilariae, the
identification key point of two species of microfilariae.
(2) The course of life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, the same and different
points of the life cycle of two species of filaria.
(3) Pathogenicity and clinical manifestations.
(4) Diagnosis: Pathogenic diagnosis and immunodiagnosis
(5) Epidemiological factors, preventive and treatment principle of filarial infection.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master the morphological features and the identification point of microfilaria bancrofti and
microfilaria malayi.
(2) Grasp the features of life cycle and pathogenicity of filariae; pathogenic diagnostic methods
of lymphatic filariasis.
(3) Understand the clinical manifestation, geographic distribution, epidemiological factors,
preventive and treatment principle of lymphatic filarial infection.
3. Teaching methods
1 periods are needed for giving lecture, PowerPoint will be used. Experiment will last 1
periods. Video-teaching will last 20 minutes.
Chapter 4
Medical Arthropodology
Introduction to Medical Arthopodolgy
1. Main teaching contents
(1) Concept, character of arthopods and the species of medical arthopods.
(2) Harm of medical arthopods to human health.
(3) Estimation of vector-arthopods.
(4) Control of medical arthopods.
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master concept and character of medical arthopods.
(2) Grasp harmful effects of arthopods to human health.
(3) Know how to judge and control vector-arthopods.
3. Teaching methods
1 periods are needed for giving lecture, using a multimedia teaching courseware.
Arachnida
1. Main teaching contents
(1) Characters of Class Arachnida
(2)Various developing stages of life cycle of ticks and the differences of hard ticks
and soft ticks; the Ecology and harms to human of ticks
(3) Morphology life cycle, pathologic diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and
treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei.
(4) The general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human;
prevention and treatment principle of trombicule, gamasid and Demodex.
(5) The general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human;
prevention and treatment principle of dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
and D.farinae).
2. Main teaching requirements
(1) Master characters of Class Arachnida
(2) Master various developing stages of life cycle of ticks and the differences of hard
ticks and soft ticks; the Ecology and harms to human of ticks
(3) Master morphology life cycle, pathologic diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention
and treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei.
(4) Realize the general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human;
prevention and treatment principle of trombicule, gamasid and Demodex.
(5) Realize the general morphological characteristics; Ecology and harms to human;
prevention and treatment principle of dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
and D.farinae).
3. Teaching methods
0.5 periods are needed for giving lecture, using a multimedia teaching courseware,
experimental teaching for 1 periods including a 27 minute video-teaching.
The syllabus of Medical Microbiology
Applicable students: clinical students in English classes.
Class hours:
It takes 62 hours to study this course. The study of theory needs 42 teaching hours, the study
of experimental skill needs 20 teaching hours.
Course introduction:
Medical microbiology is a medical science that concerns the roles of particular species of
microorganisms—bacteria, fungi, and parasites—as well as viruses in infectious diseases and in
some chronic diseases of humans.Medical microbiology is an application of some principles
of microbiology, and draws also from pathology,
epidemiology, and immunology.
Our lectures will introduce general principals of all pathogens and biological properties,
pathogenesis, microbiological test and control and treatment of individual pathgen. It is an integral
part of college life science courses and medical studies.
The basic requirements:
It will request students to grasp general principals of all pathogens and biological properties,
pathogenesis, microbiological test and control and treatment of individual pathgen.
Table: Teaching contents and time assignment of medical microbiology
Chapter
time
Teaching contents
introduction
1.5
1
2.5
Bacterial Morphology and Structure
2
1
3
0.5
4
1
5
2.5
6
Disinfection
Bacterial
Physiology
and
Sterilization
Bacteriophage
Bacterial Variation
Bacterial Infection and Immunity
1
7
Cocci
3
8
3
Enteric
9
1
Bacilli
Vibrio
10
1
Anaerobic
Bacteria
11
2
Mycobacterium
12
1
Zoonotic Bacteria
13
0.5
14
0.5
15
2
16
2
17
2.5
General properties
Important
General
of
Fungi
Pathogenic
Fungi
Properties
of
Viruses
Infection and Immunity of Viruses
Respiratory
Viruses
18
2
Enterovirus
19
1.5
Gastroenteritis Viruses
20
2.5
21
1.5
22
2
23
2
Hepatitis
Hemorrhagic
Viruses
Fever
Viruses
Herpes
Virus
Retrovirus
24
1
Other
Total
42
Theoretical part (42hours)
Introductioon
[Aims and requirements]
Master the definition of microorganism
Master the classification of microorganism
[Teaching contents]
1.Definition of microbe
2.classification and distribution of microorganisms
3.Relationship between microorganisms and human beings
4.Medical microbiology history
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : Definition and classification of microorganisms.
Difficult points: classification of microorganisms.
PART
Chapter 1
I
BACTERIOLOGY
Bacterial Morphology and Structure
[Aims and requirements]
Master the structure of bacteria and their functions
Master the following concepts :
Viruses
plasmid 2. flagellum 3. pillus 4. capsule
5.L-form bacterium 6. mesosome 7. lipopolysaccharide(LPS)
Understand the size and shape of bacteria.
[teaching contents]
1.Size：Unit for bacteria measurement: micron or micrometer (μm).
2.Shape：Spherical (cocci) ；Cylindrical (bacilli)；Helical (spiral bacteria)
3.Bacterial structures
(1) Basic structures：Cell wall；Cell membrane；Cytoplasm；Nucleus
(2) Special structures：Capsules；Flagella；Pili；Spore
4. Morphological and structural identification of bacteria
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys: the structure of bacteria
Difficult points: the structure of bacteria
Chapter 2
Bacterial
Physiology
[Aims and requirements]
Master the mode and spead of B. reproduction.
Master the reason that obligate anaerobes can’t grow in free oxygen condition.
Master the metabolic products of bacteria.
Master the following concepts:
1.pyrogen 2. antibiotics 3. bacteriocin
Understand bacterial nutrition.
Understand the growth and reproduction of bacteria
[teaching contents]
1.Bacterial chemical components and physical characteristics
2.Bacterial nutrition
3.Growth and multiplication of bacteria
(1) Mode and speed of bacterial multiplication
(2) Bacterial growth curve---lag phase,logarithmic or exponential phase, stationary phase,
decline phase.
4. Metabolism of bacteria: anabolism or assimilatlion, catabolism or dissimilation.
5. Artificial cultivation of bacteria
6.Bacterial classification and nomination
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys: Synthetic products of bacteria ;Bacterial growth curve; bacteria biochemical test
Difficult points: Metabolism of bacteria,bacteria biochemical test
Chapter 3
Disinfection
and
Sterilization
[Aims and requirements]
Master the condition of physical methods of disinfection.
Master the mechanism of the antiseptic effect of chemical
agents.
Master the following concepts :
1.disinfection 2. sterilization 3. asepsis 4.
antisepsis
[teaching contents]
1.Definition:Disinfection;Sterilization;Antisepsis;Asepsis
2.Physical methods
(1) Heat
① Dry heat: Incineration;burn;hot-air oven
② Moist heat :pasteurization;boiling;live steam; fractional sterilization;autoclaving
(2) Radiation: ultraviolet light, X-rays, neutrons, alpha, beta and gamma rays.
(3) Filtration: membrane filter, Seitz filter, etc.
(4) Ultrasonic vibrations
(5) Drying and low temperature
(6) Cold: lyophilization (freeze-drying).
3. Chemical methods and their mechanisms
(1) Common disinfectants
(2) Applications of disinfectants
(3) Factors influencing chemical disinfectants
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : the conditions and applications of physical methods of disinfection.
Difficult points: the conditions and applications of physical methods of disinfection.
Chapter 4
Bacteriophage
[Aims and requirements]
Master the interrelation between phage and bacteria
Understand the.size, shape and structure of phage.
[teaching contents]
1. Biological characteristics of bacteriophage (phage)
2. Lytic cycle of virulent phage
3. Lysogenic bacterium or temperate phage
4. Applications of phage
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : the interrelation between phage and
temperate phage; Lytic cycle of virulent phage
Difficult points:
bacteria ; Lysogenic bacterium or
Applications of phage
Chapter 5
[Aims and requirements]
Master the characteisticrs of plasmid.
Bacterial Variation
Master the mechanism of mutation and gene transfer of bacteria.
Master the following concepts :
1. heredity(inberitance) 2. variation 3. Plasmid 4 Mutation 5. genetic transfer
transformation 7 conjugation 8 transduction 9 lysogenic conversion .
6
Master the interrelation between phage and bacteria
Master the following concepts :
1. lysogenic
state 2. lysogenic phage (temperate phage)
3.lysogenic bacteria 4.prophage
[teaching contents]
1. Phenomena of bacterial Variation
2. Genetic basis of bacterial variation:Bacterial chromosome;Plasmid; Translocation
Factor
3. Mechanism of bacterial variation
(1) Gene mutation
(2) Gene transfer and recombination: Transformation; Conjugation;Transduction
;Lysogenic conversion; Protoplast fusion
4. Application of bacterial variation
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : Mechanism of bacterial variation
Difficult points:
Mechanism of bacterial variation
Chapter 6
Bacterial Infection and Immunity
[Aims and requirement]
Master the initiate infection of opportunistic pathogenic B.
Master the functions of normal flora
Master the following concepts :
1. normal flora 2. opportunistic pathogenic B
Master the mechanism of bacterial virulence
Master the immunity mechanism of bacterial infection
[teaching contents]
1.Definitions:Pathogen
(Pathogenic
bacterium);Nonpathogen
bacterium);Opportunistic bacterium;Normal flora; Hospital acquired infection
(Nonpathogenic
2.Bacterial pathogenicity
(1) Virulence: LD50, ID50.
(2) Invasiveness: Capsule;Adhesin;Invasive substances
(3) Toxins
①Exotoxins: neurotoxin, cytotoxin, enterotoxin
②Endotoxins: Fever;Leukopenia and leukocytosis;Endotoxemia and shock ;Shwartzman
phenomenon and disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).
(4)Bacterial amount
(5)Bacterial colonization
3. Immunity of host
(1) Nonspecific immunity or innate immunity
(2) Specific immunity or Acquired immunity
4. Original and devolopment of Bacterial Infection
(1) Source of infection:Exogenous infection;Endogenous condition
(2) Routes of infection
(3) Kinds of infection: Inapparent or subclinical infection; Latent infecction; Apparent infection.
Acute infection; Chronic infection. Local infection and Generalized or systemic infection:
Toxemia;Endotoxemia ;Bacteremia; Septicemia; Pyemia.
(4) Carrier state: carrier
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : endotoxin and exotoxin
Difficult points:
endotoxin biological effects
Chapter 7
Cocci
[Aims and requirements]
Master the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
Master the following concepts :
Coagulase 2.SPA 3.M protein 4.LTA 5.Streptolysin
Understand the pathogenicity of Pneumococcus, Meningococcus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
[teaching contents]
Gram positive cocci：Staphylococcus; Streptococcus
Gram negative cocci：Neisseria
1.Staphylococcus
(1) General characteristics
(2) Pathogenicity
①Exotoxins and enzymes
②Clinical manifestations
a. Invasive diseases
b. Toxinosis:Food poisoning;Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS);Toxic shock
syndrome
(3) Immunity: weak
(4) Bacteriological diagnosis
(5) Treatment and prevention
2.Streptococcus
（1）General characteristics
（2）Pathogenicity
Group A streptococcus: Pyogenic streptococcus
①Exotoxins and invasive enzymes
②Clinical manifestations
a.Pyogenic infection
b.Toxic infection: scarlet fever
c. Poststreptococcal allergic diseases: acute glomerulonephritis,rheumatic fever.
Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae): Normal flora
Group D streptococcus: Normal flora
Alpha hemolytic streptococcus: Streptococcus mutans (related to decay tooth), etc.
(3)Immunity:Type-specific
(4)Bacteriological diagnosis
(5)Treatment and prevention
3.Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
(1) General characteristics
(2)Pathogenicity:lobar pneumonia
(3) Immunity: type-specific capsular antibodies.
(4) Bacteriological diagnosis
(5) Treatment and prevention: Polyvalent capsular vaccine.
4. Neisseria. meningitidis (meningococcus):
(1) General characteristics
(2) Pathogenicity: pathogenic substances are capsule, pili and endotoxin; pathogen of epidemic
meningitis.
(3) Immunity: group-specific anticapsular antibodies.
(4) Bacteriological diagnosis
(5) Treatment and prevention
5. N. gonorrhoeae (gonococcus):
(1) General characteristics
(2) pathogenicity:pathogenic substances: pili, outermembranous protein, IgA1 protenase.
Clinical disease: gonorrhea.
(3) Immunity
(4) Bacteriological diagnosis
(5) Treatment and prevention: 1% AgNO3 for baby eyes.
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : pathogenesis of five pathogenic cocci
Difficult points:
bacteriological diagnosis of five pathogenic cocci
Chapter 8
Enteric
Bacilli
[Aims and requirements]
Master the common properties of Enteric Bacilli.
Master the pathogenesis of Escherichia, Salmonella and Shigella.
Master the following concepts :
1.Colonization factors 2.LT 3.ST 4.Vi antigen
Understand the biological properties of Escherichia, Salmonella and Shigella.
[teaching contents]
1. Common characteristics
2. Escherichia.coli
(1) Pathogenicity
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
Enteroaggregative E. Coli(EaggEC)
(2) Microbiological diagonsis
3. Shigella (dysentery bacteria)
(1) Genral characteristics
(2) Pathogenicity
1)
Pathogenic substances: pili; endotoxin; Shiga toxin.
2)
Clinical manifestations: cause human bacterial dysentery--acute,chronic.
(3) Immunity: SIgA.
(4) Bacteriological diagnosis
(5) Treatment and prevention
4.Salmonella
(1) Antigenic structure:O,H and Vi antigens.
(2) Pathogenicity
1)
Virulence: Vi antigen; endotoxin; enterotoxin
2)
Clinical manifestations
a.
Enteric fever: typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.
b.
Gastroenteritis: food poisoning.
c.
Septicemia
d. Asymptamatic Carrier
3) Immunity: Intracellular immunity
(3) Bacteriological diagnosis
(4) Prevention: vaccination.
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : pathogenesis of enteric bacilli
Difficult points: biochemical properties of enteric bacilli
Chapter 9
Vibrio
[Aims and requirement]
Master the pathogenesis of V.cholera.
Understand the biological properties of V.cholera.
[teaching contents]
1.V. cholerae
(1)General characteristcs
(2) Pathogenicity: cholera
(3) Immunity
(4) Bacteriological diagnosis
(5) Prevention: vaccination.
2. V. parahemolyticus
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys: pathogenesis of vibrio
Difficult points:
pathogenicity of enteric toxin of V.cholera
Chapter 10
Anaerobic Bacteria
[Aims and requirements]
Master the classification of Anaerobic bacteria.
Master the pathogenesis of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium welchii and Clostridium
botulinum.
Master the difference on infection between Spore-forming anaerobes and
Non-
spore-forming anaerobes
Understand the biological properties and control of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium
welchii and Clostridium botulinum.
[teaching contents]
1. Categories
Spore-forming and nonspore-forming
2. Clostridium. tetani
(1) General characteristics
(2) Pathogenicity: tetanus.
(3) Immunity; humoral immunity (antitoxin).
(4) Treatment and prevention: tetanus antitoxin (TAT); DPT vaccine.
3. C. perfringens
(1) General characteristics
(2) Pathogenicity: gas gangrene, food poisoning, necrotic enteritis
(3) Bacteriological diagnosis
4. C. botulinum
(1) General characteristics
(2) Pathogenicity:botulism
(3) Bacteriological diagnosis
(4) Treatment and prevention
5. C. difficile
6. Nonspore-forming anaerobic organisms
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : pathogenesis,control and treatment of Clostridium
Difficult points:
pathogenicity of Clostridium
Chapter 11
Mycobacterium
[Aims and requirement]
Master the biological properties, pathogenicity and immunity of M.tuberculosis.
Master the following concepts : 1.BCG 2. T u b e r c u l i n t e s t
[teaching contents]
1. M.tuberculosis (human tubercle bacillus)
(1) General characteristics
(2) Pathogenicity:
(3) Immunity:
(4) Bacteriological diagnosis
(5)Prevention: BCG vaccination.
2. M. leprae
(1)General characteristics
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity: pathogen of leprosy
(3)Bacteriological diagnosis
(4) Prevention: BCG vaccination.
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys: biological properties,pathogenesis,immunity of TB and principle, significance
of OT test.
Difficult points: pathogenesis and immunity of TB
Chapter 12 Zoonotic Bacteria
[Aims and requirements]
Master the biological properties and pathogenesis of brucella,Y.pestis and B.anthracis
Understand the prevention and control of brucella,Y.pestis and B.anthracis
[teaching contents]
1.Brucella
(1)General characteristics
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity: intracellular pathogen,infection immunity; endotoxin, capsule
and invasive enzymes
(3)Bacteriological diagnosis
(4)Prevention: live attenuated vaccine for animal immunization.
2.Yersinia.pestis
(1)General characteristics
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity:
(3) Bacteriological diagnosis: specimens, stained smear, culture. serological diagnosis, animal
inoculation.
(4)Prevention: live attenuated vaccine.
3. Y.enterocolitics: Cause human enteritis.
4. Y.pseudotuberculosis: Cause intestinal mesenteric lymphadenitis.
5. Bacillus: B.anthracis, B.cereus.
(1)General characteristics
(2)Pathogenicity
(3)Immunity
(4)Bcteriological diagnosis
(5)Prevention
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys: morphology and pathogenesis of zoonotic bacteria
Difficult points: pathogenesis of zoonotic bacteria
PART
II
MYCOLOGY
Chapter 13 General properties
[Aims and requirements]
Master the major biological properties and pathogenicity of fungi
Understand fungi dimorphism
[teaching contents]
1.General characteristics
of
Fungi
(1) Morphology
(2) Culture
(3) Multiplication
(4) Resistance
2.Pathogenicity
(1)True pathogenic fungal infection
(2)Opportunistic pathogenic fungal infection
(3)Fungal allergic diseases
(4)Mycotoxicosis
(5)Mycotoxin and tumor
3. Immunity
4.Microbiological diagnosis
5.Prevention and treatment
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys: General characteristics of fungi
Difficult points: General characteristics of fungi
Chapter 14
Important Pathogenic Fungi
[Aims and requirements]
Master the major pathogenic fungi and diseases caused by them
[teaching contents]
1.Fungi of Superficial keratinized infection: Superfical mycoses
2.Fungi of skin infection:Cutaneous mycoses
3.Fungi of subcutaneous infection:Subcutaneous mycoses
4.Fungi of deep infection:Deep mycoses or systemic mycoses
5.Fungi of conditioned infection: Opportunistic mycoses
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi
Difficult points: pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi
PART
Chapter 15
III
General
VIROLOGY
Properties
of
Viruses
[Aims and requirements]
Master virus concept ,shape and structure
Master virus multiplication ,interferon and variation
Understand virus classification and effects of physical and chemical factors
[Teaching contents]
1.General properties of viruses
2.Size:nm as virion measurement unit
3.Shapes:Spherical,rod-shaped, bullet-shaped,brick-shaped, filament, tadpole-shaped.
4.Structure and chemical compositions
Viral core;Capsid ;Envelope
5.Culture and Replication of viruses
Replication cycle: Adsorption ；Penetration；Uncoating；Biosynthesis；Maturation or assembly
and release
6.abnormal replication
7.Viral variation
8.Classfication of viruses
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : general properties,size and shape of virion; structure and replication cycle of virus
Difficult points: Mechanism of virus variation
Chapter 16
[Aims and requirements]
Infection and Immunity of Viruses
Master the modes, routes of transmission and types of virus infection
Master virus pathogenesis
Master the anti-virus mechanisms , bioactivities and function properties of IFN
Understand the characteristics of immunity against virus infection
[Teaching contents]
1.Pathogenesis of virus
(1) Direct damage of viral infection on host cell
(2) Immunopathology
2.Anti-virus immunity
3.Types of viral infection
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : Mechanism of virus infection on host cell
Difficult points: Mechanism of virus infection on host cell
.
Chapter 17 Respiratory
Viruses
[Aims and requirements]
Master the main respiratory viruses
Master all the contents of influenza virus
Master the pathogenesis of parainfluenza virus,mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus , measles
virus , rubella virus, Rhinovirus,Coronavirus and adenovirus.
understand the biological properties of other respiratory virus
[Teaching contents]
1.Catagories
2.Influenza virus
(1) Biological properties
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity
(3)Laboratory diagnosis
(4)Prophylaxis and treatment: personal hygiene; trivalence dead vaccine.
3.Measles virus: pathogen of measles; H and F protein on the spikes; catarrhea symptoms and
Koplik spot; long immunity after recovery; attenuated vaccine.
4.Mumps virus: pathogen of mumps with testitis; H,N and F protein on the spikes; MMR vaccine.
5.Respiratory syncytial virus: main pathogen of infantile acute asthmatic bronchitis or pneumonia;
specific immunocomplex stimulate viral infection.
6.Adenovirus: naked dsDNA, icosahedral symmetry; cause infantile upper respiratory infection.
7.Rubella virus: cause congenital rubella syndrome.
8.Rhinovirus
9.Coronavirus
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : structure, pathogenesis of influenza virus
Difficult points: influenza virus variation
Chapter 18 Enterovirus
[Aims and requirement]
Master the members of enterovirus and common properties of them
Master the disease caused by enterovirus
Understand the vaccine of polio
[Teaching contents]
1.Categories
2.Common characteristics
3.Polio virus
(1)Pathogenicity and immunity
①Source of infection: apparent and subclinical patients.
②Entrance of infection: fecal-oral.
③Pathogenesis: only much less than 0.1% subjects exposed to polio virus form the flaccid
paralysis.
(2)Immunity: SIgA and neutralizing antibody (IgG, IgA, IgM) persist for life span.
(3)Prophylaxis and treatment:trivalence oral poliovirus attenuated vaccine (TOPV).
4.Coxsackie virus
(1)General characteristics
(2)Pathogenicity
aseptic meningitis; mild paralysis; pleurodynia; hand, foot, mouth diseases; myocardiopathy;
diabetes mellitus.
(3)Microbiological diagnosis
5. ECHO virus
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : common characteristics of enterovirus;pathogenesis and prevention of polio
virus.
Difficult points: pathogenesis and prevention of polio virus.
Chapter 19
Gastroenteritis Viruses
[Aims and requirement]
Master the biological properties and pathogenesis of rotavirus
Understand Calicivirus and Astroviruses
[Teaching contents]
1. Human rotavirus
(1) Biological properties
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity: main pathogen of infantile diarrhea.
(3)Laboratory diagnosis:
2.Enteric adenovirus
3.Calicivirus
4.Astroviruses
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : pathogenesis of human rotavirus
Difficult points:
pathogenesis of human rotavirus
Chapter 20 Hepatitis Viruses
[Aims and requirement]
Master all the contents of hepatitis A and B
Understand hepatitis C,D,E
[Teaching contents]
1.Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
(1)Biological properties
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity
(3) Laboratory diagnosis
(4)Prevention and treatment
2.Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
(1) Biological properties:
(2) Pathogenicity and immunity:
(3) Laboratory diagnosis:
(4) Prevention and treatment:
3.Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
(1)Biological properties:
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity:
(3)Laboratory diagnosis:
(4)Prevention and treatment:
4. Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)
5.Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : transmission routes,pathogenesis,microbiological detection and prevention of
hepatitis virus.
Difficult points:
pathogenesis,microbiological detection of hepatitis virus.
Chapter 21Arthropod borne virus and hemorrhagic fever virus
[Aims and requirement]
Master the biological properties and pathogenesis of Type B encephalitis virus and Hantavirus
Understand other hemorrhagic fever virus
[Teaching contents]
1.Type B encephalitis virus
(1)Biological properties
(2)Epidemiology
(3)Pathogenicity: epidemic type B encephalitis
(4)Laboratory diagnosis
(5)Prevention and treatment
2.Hantaan virus
(1)Biological properties
(2)Epidemiology
(3)Pathogenicity: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
(4)Laboratory diagnosis
(5)Prevention and treatment: inactivated vaccine for prevention.
3.Xing Jiang hemorrhagic fever virus
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : Epidemiology,pathogenesis of type B encephalitis virus and hantaan virus.
Difficult points:
hantaan virus.
Epidemiology,pathogenesis of type B encephalitis virus and
Chapter 22
Herpes
[Aims and Requirement]
Master the members and common properties of herpesvirus
Master the infection types of HSV
Master the pathogenicity of HSV,VZV CMV and EBV
Understand Human herpes virus-6 ,7 and human herpes virus-8
[Teaching contents]
Virus
1.Common properties
2.Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
(1) Biological properties: 2 serotypes --- HSV-1, HSV-2.
(2) Pathogenicity:
①Infection types: primary infection; secondary infection; congenital infection.
②Site: HSV-1 generally causes infection above the waist, related to carcinoma of lip. HSV-2
usually causes infection below the waist, related to carcinoma of cervix.
3.Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV)
(1)Primary infection: vesicular eruption in children, viral pneumonia in adults;
formation of intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies.
(2)Reinfection: zoster which considered to be a reactivation form of varicella.
4.Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
(1)Intranuclear acidophilic inclulsion body.
(2)Transmission: congenital infection; Perinatal infection; contact infection; blood transfusion.
(3)Attenuated live vaccine.
5.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
(1)Diseases: mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and related to naso- pharyngeal carcinoma.
(2)Latent infection.
6.Human herpes virus-6
7.Human herpes virus-7: its pathogenicity is unknown.
8.Human herpes virus-8
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : pathogenesis characteristics of HSV,CMV,VZV
Difficult points: pathogenesis characteristics of HSV,CMV,VZV
Chapter 23
Retrovirus
[Aims and Requirement]
Master transmission of HIV
Master the structure and pathogenesis of HIV
Understand genome structure, replication,diagnosis, control and treatment of HIV
Understand HTLV-I,II
[Teaching contents]
1.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): pathogen of AIDS.
(1) Biological properties:
(2)pathogenicity and immunity:
①Source of infection: patients and asympatomatic HIV carriers.
②Transmission: sexual, vertical and blood transfusion.
③Clinical
manifestations:
HIV--primary
acute
phase
manifestions)-----predisposing factors asymptomatic incubation---------AIDS
(non-specific
④Pathogenesis: damage of CD4 cells (Th cell); monocyte-macrophage etc.
⑤Immunity: neutralizing antibodies (anti-gp120); cellular immunity: ADCC,CTL,NK.
(3)Laboratory diagnosis:
①Detection of antibody: ELISA,RIA,IFA,WB.
②Detection of virus and viral components: viral RT;viral antigens; HIV RNA.
(4)Prevention and treatment
2.HTLV-I,II
(1)Biological propertie
(2)Pathogenicity:
①Transmission: vertical, sexual and blood transfusion.
②Only infecting CD4 T cell.
③HTLV-I relating with T cell leukemia; HTLV-II relating with chronic lymphoma etc.
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : transmission routes,pathogenesis,prevention of HIV
Difficult points:
pathogenesis of HIV
Chapter 24
Other
Viruses
[Aims and Requirement]
Master prevention of rabies virus
Master the biological properties ,routes of transmission and pathogenesis of rabies virus
Master the disease caused by HPV and Human parvovirus B19
Understand the biological properties of rabies virus
[Teaching contents]
1.Rabies virus
(1)Biological properties
(2)Pathogenicity: rabies or hydrophobia.
(3)Laboratory diagnosis
(4)Prevention and treatment
2.Human papillomavirus (HPV)
(1)Biological properties
(2)Pathogenicity and immunity
(3)Laboratory diagnosis: detection of viral antigens in tissue,PCR.
3.Human parvovirus B19
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : pathogenesis and prevention and treatment of rabies virus
Difficult points:
pathogenesis of rabies virus
Experimental part (20 hours)
Medical microbiology experiments
Table: Teaching contents and time assignment of medical microbiology experiments
Experiment
Teaching
contents
time
1
4 hours
1.Introduction
of
bacteria
culture
media
2.Gram’s stain of
3.Isolation cultivation of pathegenic cocci in the pus specimen
4.Examination of bacteria in air
5.Examination of bacteria in oral cavity
6.Examination of bacteria on hands
7.Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test
2
4 hours
1.Identify the cultural characteristics of a bacterium
on your agar plates
2.Gram’s stain of bacteria on culture plate
3.Coagulase test
4.Antibiotic susceptibility test—paper disk method
5.Observe the results of Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test
6.Observe the cultivation results of bacteria in air,oral cavity and hands.
3
4 hours
1.Observe the results of the antibiotic sensitivity test
2.Capsule stain
3.summary of identification of pathogenic cocci from clinical specimen(pus)
4
4 hours
1.Acid fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2.Silver stain of Borrelia vincentii
5
1. cultivation of fungi
2. Observe the cultivation results of Candida albicans and filamentous fungi
Total
20 hours
Experiment 1
[Aims and Requirements]
Master the approach of Gram stain.
Master the definition,classification of culture media
Master the methods of inoculating bacteria onto culture plate.
Master the methods of sterile culture media.
Master the preparation of plate agar.
[Teaching contents]
1.Introduction of bacteria culture media
2.Gram’s stain of
3.Isolation cultivation of pathegenic cocci in the pus specimen
4.Examination of bacteria in air
5.Examination of bacteria in oral cavity
6.Examination of bacteria on hands
7.Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : Gram stain;definition and classification of culture media;inoculation methods
Difficult points:3 regions streaking on plate
Experiment 2
[Aims and Requirements]
Master the principle of Gram stain.
Master how to describe the properties of colonies
Master the principles and methods of coagulase and antibiotic susceptibility test
Master the principle of Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test
[Teaching contents]
1.Identify the cultural characteristics of a bacterium on your agar plates
2.Gram’s stain of bacteria on culture plate
3.Coagulase test
4.Antibiotic susceptibility test—paper disk method
5.Observe the results of Ultraviolet radiation sterilization test
6.Observe the cultivation results of bacteria in air,oral cavity and hands.
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : the principle of Gram stain, the principles and methods of coagulase test and
antibiotic susceptibility test
Difficult points: the principles and methods of coagulase test
Experiment 3
[Aims and Requirements]
Master the principles,procedures, results observation of capsule stain
Master the results observation of antibiotic susceptibility test.
[Teaching contents]
1.Observe the results of the antibiotic sensitivity test
2.Capsule stain
3.summary of identification of pathogenic cocci from clinical specimen(pus)
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : the principle of capsule stain, the results observation of antibiotic susceptibility
test
Difficult points:procedures of capsule stain
Experiment 4
[Aims and Requirements]
Master the principles,procedures, results observation of Acid fast stain
Master the principles,procedures, results observation of Silver stain
[Teaching contents]
1.Acid fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2.Silver stain of Borrelia vincentii
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : the principles,procedures, results observation of acid fast stain
the principles,procedures, results observation of Silver stain
Difficult points: the principles of acid fast stain
Experiment 5
[Aims and Requirements]
Master the morphology of fungi spore and hypha
[Teaching contents]
Observe the cultivation results of Candida albicans and filamentous fungi
[Focal and difficult points]
Keys : morphology of fungi spore and hypha