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SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
Table I. Biological Information for proteins over-abundant in cancerous breast tissue compared to adjacent benign tissue.
(Listed in alphabetical order.)
PROTEIN
Aconitate hydratase,
mitochondrial
Actin, aortic smooth muscle
(Alpha-actin-2)
SECRETED/
FOUND IN
BLOOD
No Evidence
No Evidence
FUNCTION
PREVIOUSLY FOUND IN
CANCERS/ESPECIALLY BREAST
Catalyzes interconversion of citrate to
isocitrate in TCA cycle
Major component of the contractile apparatus.
Involved in cell structure & motility.
Listed as critical protein in conversion to prostatic
malignancy(1)
Listed as one of 2 proteins able to help
differentiate between borderline & malignant
breast phyllodes. (2)
Found to be up-regulated in proteomics study of
membrane fractions from super-invasive cancer
cells (This is a non-muscle actin) (3)
Actin, cytoplasmic-1
(Beta-Actin)
No Evidence
A non-muscle cytoskeletal actin
Adenine
phosphoribosyltransferase
No Evidence
Catalyzes a salvage reaction that forms amp &
is energetically less costly than de novo
synthesis (deficiency causes 2,8dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis)
Regulates phospholipase A2 activity. A
calcium/phospholipids-binding protein that
promotes membrane fusion & is involved in
exocytosis.
May have anti-inflammatory activity.
Annexin A1 (Annexin I)
(Lipocortin I) (Calpactin II)
(Chromobindin-9) (p35)
(Phospholipase A2 inhibitor)
No Evidence
Annexin A2 (Annexin II)
(Lipocortin II) (Calpactin I heavy
chain) (Chromobindin-8)
Secreted
Thought to cross-link plasma membrane
phospholipids with actin and the cytoskeleton
and be involved in exocytosis.
1
--Some gene & protein studies have shown upregulation in breast cancer & others downregulation (4,5)
Expression may be involved in early stages of
breast cancer development (6)
Differentially expressed between chemoresistant
and chemosensitive breast cancer cell lines (7)
Previously shown to be over-expressed in breast
cancer (8)
Carbonyl reductase (NADPHdependent carbonyl reductase 1)
No Evidence
Catalyzes the reduction of several carbonyl
compounds including the antitumor
anthracycline antibiotics. Converts
prostaglandin e2 to prostaglandin f2-alpha
Listed in numerous articles related to SERMs, but
specific form of carbonyl reductase often not
defined.
Cathepsin D [Contains: Cathepsin
D light chain; Cathepsin D heavy
chain]
Cellular retinoic acid-binding
protein 2 (Cellular retinoic acidbinding protein II)
No Evidence
Acid protease involved in intracellular protein
breakdown, cell invasion, apoptosis
Has been/is being widely studied as a biomarker of
breast cancer (9,10)
No Evidence
Induces cell differentiation and may
antagonize cancer progression.
May regulate the access of retinoic acid to the
nuclear retinoic acid receptors to help control
differentiation.
Coactosin-like protein
No Evidence
Chloride intracellular channel
protein 1 (Nuclear chloride ion
channel 27)
No Evidence
Elongation Factor Tu,
mitochondrial (EF 1
alpha1);(Prostate tumor-inducing
protein-1)
No Evidence
A calcium-dependent F-actin binding protein
that helps regulate the actin cytoskeleton.
Localizes mostly to cell nucleus but has both
nuclear & plasma membrane chloride ion
channel activity. Stabilizes cell membrane
potential, maintains intracellular pH & cell
volume, & participates in transport.
Aids in gtp-dependent binding of aminoacyltRNA to ribosomes (a-site) during protein
synthesis
Some genetic studies show that CRBP downregulation may contribute to breast tumor
progression (11)
Others have shown that the CRBP gene is
expressed predominantly in ER+ breast cancer
cell lines (12)
Antibodies to this protein have been reported in
the serum of pancreatic cancer patients (13)
Has been listed as an important protein in the early
phase of mammary carcinogenesis in a study of
cell lines (14)
2
---
Fibrinogen beta chain [Contains:
Fibrinopeptide B]
Yes, blood-borne glycoprotein
Aids in platelet aggregation
(i.e. is a cofactor)
Flavin reductase (NADPHdependent diaphorase)
No Evidence
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A
(Muscle-type aldolase) (Lung
cancer antigen)
The gene has been detected in
the serum of lung cancer
patients.
(17)
RNA/DNA corresponding to
this protein has been found in
serum
(18,19)
Involved in electron transfer
from pyridine nucleotides to
flavins; protects cells from
oxidative damage
Glycolytic enzyme
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Heat Shock 70kDa protein 5
(glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)
Autoantibodies against this
protein, have been found in
the serum of prostate cancer
patients (21)
3
Up-regulated in malignant pleural effusions
(15)
In breast cancer fibrinogen is deposited but not
converted to fibrin in the tumor stroma. (16)
---
--Catalyzes a step in
carbohydrate metabolism –
oxidative phosphorylation of
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Aids in the assembly of
multimeric protein complexes
inside the ER
Has been associated w/cancers previously.
Increased glycolysis in cancer cells may be
associated with tumor invasion & metastasis
(20)
Often the gene measured to quantify cell-free
plasma DNA in cancer patients
(18)
This protein has been related to:
colon cancer (22), neuroblastic tumors (23),
and prostate cancer (21).
The gene has been linked to breast cancer
(24).
Isocitrate dehydrogenase,
cytoplasmic (soluble)
Currently being investigated as a
serum marker for TB (25)
Plays a role in cytoplasmic
NADPH production
Protein previously found to be upregulated in
breast tumor cells (26)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2
(NADP), mitochondrial
No evidence
Studies from the 1970’s showed associations
with breast cancer– particularly with response to
treatment (27).
Keratin 7 (sarcolectin)
Found in sera of HIV-postive
patients (28).
Is involved with intermediary
metabolism & energy
production. May associate
with pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex.
Proteins arranged in pairs
during differentiation of
simple and stratified epithelial
tissues
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal
19 (Cytokeratin-19)
A fragment of cytokeratin 19
(CYFRA21-1) has been shown
to decrease during chemotherapy
in pt’s with NSCLC (30).
Expression of the Keratin 19 gene has been
associated with more aggressive breast cancers
(31).
---
4
Previously found to be over-expressed in breast
cancer (29).
Keratin, type II
cytoskeletal 8
(Cytokeratin-8)
(Keratin-8)
Autoantibodies to CK-8 have been
detected in serum (32).
---
Leukocyte elastase
inhibitor (serpin B1);
(Monocyte/neutrophil
elastase inhibitor)
Has been found in BALF – is also on
the surface of neutrophils (37)
Regulates activity of the
neutrophil proteases: elastase,
cathepsin, and proteinase-3
Lumican
Yes
Malate dehydrogenase,
mitochondrial
No Evidence
May organize collagen fibrils
and circumferential growth,
corneal transparency, and
epithelial cell migration &
tissue repair
Plays a role in the malateaspartate shuttle that operates
in the metabolic coordination
between cytosol &
mitochondria
5
Some studies found suppression of CK-8 in
tumors compared to normal mammary epithelia
or fibroadenomas (33,34). Another found that
CK-8 was expressed in breast tumor cells while
CK-17 and vimentin expression was lost (35).
Yet another found that expression of the CK-8
gene was low in tumors w/BRCA1 mutations &
high in tumors w/BRCA2 mutations – described
for ER+ sporadic tumors of luminal origin (36).
Several cancer cell lines, including breast cancer
produce this protein and the amount is related to
prognostic indicators (38).
Previous proteomics studies have found lumican
to be overexpressed in breast tumor tissue
compared to normal breast tissue (39,40)
Older studies show increased activity of malate
dehydrogenase in cancer but do not always
specify the form of malate dehydrogenase (41).
Myosin light
polypeptide 6 (Myosin
light chain alkali 3)
(Myosin light chain 3)
No Evidence
This is the non-muscle and smooth
muscle variant of myosin light chain 6.
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans
isomerase B (PPIase)
(Rotamase)
(Cyclophilin B)
Phosphatidylethanolami
ne-binding protein 1
(PEBP-1) (Prostaticbinding protein)
Yes
Accelerates the folding of proteins
Phosphoglycerate
mutase 1
Found in blood in an
anaerobic exercise study
(44)
Catalyzes reaction of 3phosphoglycerate to 2phosphoglycerate in the glycolytic
pathway.
14 kDa
phosphohistidine
phosphatase
(phosphohistidine
phosphatase 1)
14-3-3 protein epsilon
(14-3-3E
Tyrosine 3monooxygenase
Proteasome activator
complex subunit 1
(Proteasome activator
28-alpha subunit)
No Evidence
Regulates somatic sex differentiation
One study (attempting to look at the relationship
between alcohol and BC) found that BC cell
lines overexpressed this gene and that this upregulation was further stimulated by ethanol
(42).
Has been implicated with prolactin in the cell
signaling of breast cancer (43)
No Evidence
_
_
One study found over-expression of this enzyme
in cancerous breast tissue compared to normal
breast tissue.
(45)
---
No Evidence
Mediates signal transduction by
binding to phosphoserine containing
proteins
No Evidence
Cleaves peptides (one of three subunits
– alpha, beta, gamma).
Required for efficient antigen
processing & immunoproteasome
assembly
6
Found to be over-expressed in a metastatic
breast cancer cell line vs. a non-metastatic cell
line (46)
---
Protein DJ-1 (Oncogene
DJ1) (Parkinson disease
protein 7)
Found in serum of
Parkinson’s Disease patients
& controls
(47,48)
PDJ1 is a positive regulator of
androgen receptor-dependent
transcription.
May regulate PTEN, a tumor suppressor. Both
DJ-1 and PTEN are negatively correlated in
primary breast cancer samples
(49)
Rho GDP-dissociation
inhibitor 1
(Rho-GDI alpha)
No Evidence
Involved in the regulation of the
gdp/gtp exchange reaction of rho
proteins – inhibits dissociation of gdp
& binding of gtp
Interacts directly with DNA-bound ER alpha to
influence ER signaling (50). Has been
associated with a higher rate of metastasis in one
study of cell lines (51)
S-Formylglutathione
hydrolase
Also called Esterase D
Septin 11
No Evidence
The gene has been studied extensively
in retinoblastoma
No Evidence
Potential role in cytokinesis
Most cancer references for this protein refer to
over-expression in retinoblastoma
(52)
---
SH3 domain-binding
glutamic acid-rich-like
protein
Transitional ER
ATPase
or
Valosin-containing
protein
No Evidence
Plays a role in protein-protein
interactions in signal transduction
pathways
Fragments golgi stacks during mitosis
and reassembles them after mitosis
No Evidence
7
Has been found to be up-regulated in
glioblastoma multiform versus non-tumor brain
tissues (53)
The gene corresponding to this protein was
amongst 5 genes that were under-expressed in
the tumors of women who died within 5 years
after surgery for removal of a cancerous breast
tumor. (54)
Tropomyosin alpha-4
chain (Tropomyosin-4)
(TM30p1)
No Evidence
Tubulin beta-5 chain
(Beta-tubulin isotype I)
No Evidence
Vimentin
The endothelial cell-specific
antibody PAL-E identifies a
secreted form of vimentin in
the blood vasculature (58)
Binds actin filaments in muscle &
non-muscle cells. Associates
w/troponin complex. In non-muscle
cells stabilizes cytoskeleton actin
filaments
Main component of microtubules.
Note: Taxanes inhibit microtubule
function by stabilizing GDP-bound
tubulin
Cytoskeletal element (along w/actins
& tubulins) that shows mesenchymal
specific expression.
8
One study found tropomyosin 4 to be among 9
proteins (2 of the others were beta 5-tubulin &
vimentin) that were over-expressed in
infiltrating ductal carcinoma compared to
adjacent normal tissue (55)
Relationship between Class I beta tubulin (and
gene) and the resistance of breast cancers to
docetaxel has been studied with mixed results
(56,57)
Listed among a group of proteins able to help
differentiate between borderline & malignant
breast phyllodes (2)
Table II. Biological Information for proteins less abundant in cancerous breast tissue compared to adjacent
benign tissue. Proteins are listed in alphabetical order.
PROTEIN
SECRETED
FUNCTION
FOUND IN CANCERS/ESPECIALLY
BREAST
Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin
Identified as a secreted
biomakers of breast cancer. (59)
Plasma protease
inhibitor – deficiency
indicative of liver/lung
disease
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
(Alpha-1 protease
inhibitor) (Alpha-1antiproteinase)
Identified as a secreted
biomakers of breast cancer. (59)
Inhibitor of serine
proteases, primary
target is elastase.
Most studies of breast cancer found this protein
to be higher in disease (60,59). However, this
protein binds to PSA. A lower proportion of
free:bound psa is a good prognostic indicator in
some cancers (61).
Some studies have found an increase in breast
cancer (59)
Other studies have found this protein to be
decreased in breast cancer (10)
Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
(fetuin A)
Yes
Involved in
endocytosis, brain
development, formation
of bone tissue. Present
in bone marrow
hemopoietic matrix.
Molecular calcium
binding chaperonepromotes folding &
oligomeric assembly in
the ER via the
calreticulin/calnexin
cycle
Stores iron in readily
available, non-toxic
form
Calreticulin
Yes
Ferritin heavy chain
(Ferritin H subunit)
(Proliferation-inducing
gene 15 protein)
Yes
Ig gamma-1 chain C region
Yes
---
Immunoglobulin J chain
Yes
Links two monomer
units of either IgM or
IgA, also links these
units to secretory
component
9
---
---
Serum ferritin has been shown to be increased in
patients with breast cancer (62)
Previously shown to be decreased in infiltrating
ductal carcinoma in situ (63)
---
Programmed cell death
protein 6 (Probable
calcium-binding protein
ALG-2)
Not listed
Serotransferrin
(Transferrin) (Siderophilin)
(Beta-1-metal-binding
globulin)
Yes
Calcium binding
protein required for Tcell receptor, -Fas, and
glucocoritcoid-induced
cell death
Transports iron from
sites of absorption and
heme degradation to
those of
storage/utilization. May
have a role in
stimulating cell
proliferation.
---
A relationship has been found previously
between breast cancer cell lines and the
transferrin receptor (64)
Information listed in this table without citation came from the Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy)
Proteomics Server: http://ca.expasy.org/
10
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