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Study Guide: Chapter 9 – “Minerals of the Earth’s Crust” NAME_____________________
(9.1)
WHAT IS A MINERAL?
PD____
1. a. A mineral is __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Before a substance can be classified as a mineral, it must exhibit the following four
characteristics: FIRST it must be ______________, which means that it is not
_____________________________________________________________________
SECOND it must occur ________________ in the________________ THIRD it must
be a ___________________ in ____________________________________________
FOURTH it must have a ________________________________________________.
2. The ten most common rock-forming minerals make up _____ percent of the earth’s crust.
These ten minerals are: ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. The two basic groups of minerals are called _____________________ and
________________________.
4. The silicate minerals contain the elements _______________ and __________________.
The most common silicate minerals are the ________________________. Two varieties
of this mineral are ______________________and ___________________. Orthoclase
contains the metal _____________, while plagioclase may contain one or both of the
metals ______________________________________.
5. The silicate mineral quartz is composed only of the elements ______________________
and ________________________. Together, feldspar and quartz comprise ______ of the
earth’s crust.
6. The other four common silicate minerals are:___________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
7. The second group of minerals is called non-silicates. They make up about _______
percent of the earth’s crust and contain none of the element _______________________.
On the next page, name the six groups of non-silicate minerals and list two examples of
each.
8. All minerals have a crystalline structure. The means that their atoms are
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
9. a. Draw and label a diagram of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron molecule (also called the
silicate tetrahedron)
9a
b. Explain the importance of this block__________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
(9.2) IDENTIFYING MINERALS
10.Characteristics, or physical properties, are important in the identification of minerals.
Answer the following questions about the seven common physical properties of minerals.
a. Color refers to ____________________________________________________________.
To determine a mineral’s color you ____________________________________________.
b. Luster means _____________________________________________________________.
Metallic luster means_______________________________________. Non-metallic luster
may be described using the five terms:_________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
c. Streak is a more reliable way of determining a mineral’s true color. It is the ____________
_________________________________________________________________________
d. Breakage refers to a mineral’s surface after it breaks. If a mineral breaks with cleavage, it
________________________________________________________________________.
Minerals with fracture______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Three types of fracture are:__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
e. The hardness of a mineral is __________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ A mineral’s hardness can be
found by _________________________________________________________________
In the spaces below, make a copy of the Mohs Scale of Hardness
MINERAL
HARDNESS
COMMON TEST
f. A large sample of a mineral will exhibit one of six basic crystal shapes. A crystal is
________________________________________________________________________
g. Density is defined as _______________________________________________________
The density of a mineral can be found by using the mathematical equation:
DENSITY (D) = ______________________________
11. Name and draw the six basic crystal systems(shapes).
Density sample problem. A
mineral has a volume of 100 cm3
and a mass of 20g. What is its
density?