Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Safety Symbols Pictures used to show potential hazards in the lab Beaker A container, usually made of heat resistant glass, has a spout for pouring and marks for measurement Hot Plate A heating device (similar to a stove) with a flat burner in order to heat compounds and mixtures Fire Blanket Used to smother small fires on surfaces or to wrap a person who is on fire Safety Goggles Safety equipment worn to protect the eyes from splashes and flying objects Fire Extinguisher Emergency device used to spray water or chemical on a fire in order to put it out Graduated Cylinder Glass container with markings, used to measure the volume of liquids Thermometer Device used to measure temperature Eyewash Safety device used to flush the eyes with water in case of accidental chemical contact Test tube Long, narrow round glass container, sealed at one end, used in laboratories Waft To fan fumes from a chemical toward the face Theory Idea that is the best explanation of many observations and helps make new predictions Science process of trying to understand the world Observation information gathered with the senses Inference conclusion drawn from an observation Hypothesis statement that can be tested Independent variable single factor in an experiment that the experimenter changes Dependent variable factor that will be measured in an experiment Constant factor that stays the same through all phases of an experiment Control standard used for comparison in an experiment Qualitative data information about the quality or appearance of what is being studied Quantitative data numerical information derived from an experiment Model Represents aspects of the natural world that are usually too large or too small for practical use. Experimentation Series of steps that under controlled conditions, produces data that test a hypothesis or prediction Conclusion An explanation of the analysis of data from an experiment Analysis The process of interpreting data collected from an experiment Data Table Table used to organize collected data from the results of experimentation X-Axis The horizontal axis on a graph Y-Axis The vertical axis on a graph Bar Graph Graph that uses bars of different lengths to compare data Circle graph/Pie Graph A graph in the shape of a circle, where each slice indicates a percentage of the whole Line Graph A type of graph used to show a change in a variable over time. Limitations Various reasons why models are are not always accurate such as size, scale, properties and materials Spring scale Instrument used to measure force Force A push or pull that causes an object to accelerate Equilibrium When a system becomes stable or balanced Friction The force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact with each other. Motion The change in position of an object Balanced forces Forces that are equal but opposite in direction; when they act on an object, they cancel each other out and no change occurs in the object's motion Unbalanced forces Describes unequal forces acting on an object; results in a change in the object's motion in the direction of the larger force Velocity Speed and direction of a moving object Mass amount of matter in something; measured in grams Acceleration Change in velocity over time; always produced by a force Inertia An object’s tendency to resist a change in motion Speed Distance traveled by an object in a given amount of time Weight A measure of the force of gravity on an object; Weight = mass X acceleration to gravity Gravity Force of attraction between any two objects Potential energy Stored energy an object has because of its position or shape Kinetic energy Energy an object or particle has because it is moving Work Occurs when a force is used to move an object through a distance Law of Conservation of energy Mechanical energy Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it just changes form Causes objects to move Net Force Resultant sum of all the forces acting on an object Machine Tool that makes work easier Law of Conservation of mass States that matter can neither be created or destroyed, it can only change form Proton Positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom Neutron Particle with no charge located in the nucleus of an atom Electron Negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus of an atom Atom Smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still have the properties of that element Nucleus Center of an atom where protons and neutrons can be found; the majority of the mass of an atom is found in the nucleus Electron cloud Region around the nucleus where electrons may be found Valence electron Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom; in large part determines an element’s chemical properties Atomic number Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom of an element Atomic mass Average mass of one atom of an element Mass number The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Energy level In an atom, specific areas at definite distances around the nucleus; each energy level can hold a specific number of electrons Subatomic particle Smaller parts of the atoms; protons, neutrons, electrons Principle Energy Level A term for the electron cloud that surrounds the nucleus of an atom 2-8-8 The pattern for the placement of the maximum number of electrons in an atom Amu (atomic mass unit) Unit used to measure atoms Periodic table An organization of the elements based upon their physical and chemical properties Period A row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change gradually and predictably Group (family) Family of elements in the periodic table with similar physical or chemical properties Halogen Group of elements in the periodic table that are highly reactive nonmetals; Group 17 Noble gases Group of elements in the periodic table that generally do not react with other elements, and which are all gases; Group 18 Alkali metals Silvery solid metals that increase in reactivity as you move from top to bottom; Group 1 Alkaline Earth metals Name of metals found in Group 2 Metal Elements that have luster, are malleable and ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity Luster shiny Malleable Able to be pounded into thin sheets Ductile Able to be pulled into a thin wire Nonmetal Elements that are usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature and are poor conductors of heat and electricity Metalloid Elements that share some properties of metals and nonmetals Density Amount of matter in a given volume; mass divided by volume (M/V) Viscosity A liquid’s resistance to flow Chemical formula A way of describing the number of atoms that make up one molecule of a compound Subscript Lower number to the right of an element or polyatomic ion that indicates how many atoms of the element are present Chemical reaction A process that produces a chemical change Coefficient In a chemical equation, the number placed in front of a chemical formula to balance the equation Compound Substance made of two or more elements bonded together Organic compounds Contain CARBON and other elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus & sulfur Chemical equation A way of writing changes in the arrangement of atoms during a chemical reaction, using chemical symbols Reactant Compound or element that changes during a chemical reaction Product Topographic map Contour lines Compound or element that is the result of a chemical reaction Map that shows the shape and elevation of the land surface using contour lines, and shows other land features by using colors and symbols On a map, line that connects points of equal elevation above sea level Contour interval The distance between two consecutive contour lines on a topographic map Contour index A labeled contour line on a topographic map The breaking down of rock by water, wind, or ice Weathering Erosion Deposition Volcano Movement of weathered rock (sediment) by wind, water, ice, or gravity Process by which wind, water, and gravity leave eroded sediments in new locations A cone-shaped hill formed when hot magma, solids, and gases erupt on Earth’s surface Earthquake Movement of the ground that occurs when rocks inside the Earth pass their elastic limit, break suddenly, and experience elastic rebound Convection current A current in Earth’s mantle that transfers heat in Earth’s interior and is the driving force for plate tectonics Continental drift Theory that the continents were once connected in a single landmass that broke apart, and moved to their current positions Alfred Wegener Pangaea Seafloor spreading Plate tectonics Lithosphere German scientist who in 1912 proposed the theory of continental drift A large, ancient landmass that was composed of all the continents joined together New seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward at a mid-ocean ridge Theory that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into plates that float and move around on a plastic-like layer on the mantle The rigid layer of Earth about 100km thick; made of the crust and a part of the upper mantle Asthenosphere Harry Hess Mesosaurus A plastic-like layer on which the lithospheric plates float and move around Scientist responsible for the early 1960s theory of seafloor spreading Freshwater, swimming reptile whose fossils were found on continents separated by oceans Glosopteris Fossil plant that grew in temperate climates found in areas including, Africa, Australia, India, South America, and Antarctica Glomar Challenger Research ship that gathered information about the rocks on the seafloor, adding to the evidence for seafloor spreading Mid-ocean ridge Formed at a divergent boundary; where two plates separate, magma/lava fills the void causing new crust to be produced Magma/Lava Molten material found in the Earth’s mantle; when it reaches the surface either through a divergent boundary or volcanic activity, it is called lava Divergent boundary Plate movement where two plates move apart Rift valley A valley that forms on land where two plates are moving apart (divergent) Convergent boundary Plate movement where two plates move together Formed at a convergent boundary; less dense plate is driven down into the mantle Subduction zone Trench Formed by subduction (convergent boundary) where an oceanic crust is pushed below a continental crust Transform boundary Plate movement where two plates slide past each other Fault A fracture that occurs when rocks change their shape Fault-block mountains Mountains formed when tension forces cause large blocks of crust to break and tilt or slide down the broken surfaces of crust Folded mountains Mountains formed when 2 continental plates converge Trench Formed by subduction (convergent boundary) of a denser oceanic plate dipping under a less dense continental plate Island arc Formed by subduction (convergent boundary) of a denser oceanic plate dipping under a less dense oceanic plate Hurricane A large, severe storm that forms over tropical oceans, has winds of at least 120 km/h, and loses power when it reaches land Tornado Convection Conduction A violently destructive windstorm occurring over land, especially in the mid-west, and characterized by a long, funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground The transfer of heat energy by the flow of materials The transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into each other Radiation Air pressure Land breeze Sea breeze Air mass Front Cold front Warm front Stationary front The transfer of energy in the form of rays or waves A measure of the weight of the atmosphere per unit of area on Earth’s surface The movement of air from land to sea at night; created when cooler, denser air from the land forces up warmer air over the sea. The movement of air from sea to land during the day when cooler air from above the water moves over the land, forcing the heated, less dense air above the land to rise. A large body of air that has the same characteristics of temperature and moisture content as the part of Earth’s surface over which it formed. The boundary between two air masses with different temperatures, density, or moisture; can be cold, warm, stationary, and occluded The leading edge of a cold air mass that is pushing a warm air mass The leading edge of a warm air mass moving in to replace a cold air mass A boundary between two air masses where the masses are not moving Occluded front Formed in the atmosphere when a cold front overtakes a warm front, capturing the warm air mass between the two cold air masses Anemometer An instrument used to measure wind speed Barometer An instrument used to measure air pressure Psychrometer An instrument used to measure relative humidity Polar easterlies Air mass in the polar regions, cold, dense air sinks and moves away from the poles. Earth’s rotation deflects this wind from east to west. Prevailing westerlies A mid- latitude (30° N and S) global wind; Earth’s rotation deflects air from west to east as air moves toward the polar regions Trade winds Doldrums Weather Wind A global wind that blows nearly all the time in tropical areas A low air pressure band near the equator where there is little wind Conditions in the atmosphere at a specific time and place; determined by air pressure, humidity, temperature and wind The movement of air caused by differences in air pressure The amount of water vapor present in the air Humidity Relative humidity Porosity A measure of the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature The volume of pore space available within rock or soil Groundwater Aquifer Surface water Watershed Permeability Runoff Artificial reef Rotation Revolution The water contained in the open spaces or pores of soil and rock Layer of permeable rock through which water flows freely Water found on the surface of the Earth; includes rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans Area of land that drains water from higher land to lower land and into a stream; also called a drainage basin Description of how well a rock or sediment lets water pass through The water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flows over the land A human-made underwater structure, typically built to promote marine life in areas with a featureless bottom, control erosion, block ship passage, or improve surfing. The spinning of a planet, moon, sun or other object, around its axis One orbit of an object in space around another object in space The oval shape of the Earth’s orbit Elliptical Seasons Changes in weather based on the tilt of the Earth on its axis New moon Waxing Waning Full moon Tides Spring tide Neap tide Star Nebula Galaxy Spiral galaxy Moon phase that occurs when the Moon is between the Earth and Sun and the Moon cannot be seen because its lighted half is facing the Sun Moon phases from new moon to full moon as the lit surface seen from Earth grows larger Moon phases from full moon to new moon as the lit surface seen from Earth grows smaller Phase that occurs when all of the Moon’s surface facing Earth reflects light Rhythmic rise and fall in sea level created by the gravitational attraction of Earth and Moon as well as Earth and Sun Tides that are most extreme, high tides are higher; occur when the Moon and Sun are lined up with each other Tides that are less extreme; occur when the Moon and sun are at right angles A huge object in space made up of gas and giving up heat and light from nuclear reactions A large cloud of gas and dust that contracts under gravitational force and breaks apart into smaller pieces, each of which will collapse to form a star A large group of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity Shaped like a sphere with curved arms. Our solar system is spiral Elliptical galaxy Herztsprung- Russell Diagram Electromagnetic spectrum Wavelength Light year Shape like an oval Diagram that shows the relationship between stars temperature and magnitude The range of electromagnetic waves classified by their wavelength The distance from any point on one wave to a corresponding point on the next wave Distance light travels in one year; used to measure distances between stars and galaxies Big Bang theory Theory that states that about 12 billion to 15 billion years ago, the universe began with a huge, fiery explosion Red shift When looking through a spectroscope at galaxies, a red shift in their spectra indicates that the galaxies are moving away from each other Spectroscope Doppler shift Frequency Nuclear fusion An instrument that acts like a prism, spreading light in a rainbow band called a spectrum The change in the apparent frequency of a wave, because either the source of the wave is moving toward or away from the observer, or the observer is moving toward or away from the source of the wave Number of wave vibrations produced in one second Reactions that occur when hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms Cluster Groups of galaxies Absolute magnitude A measure of the amount of light the star gives off Apparent magnitude A measure of the amount of light from a star that is received on earth Mechanical waves Energy that travels through matter; examples include sound, ocean waves, and earthquake waves Electromagnetic wave Form of energy that can travel through empty space as well as through matter; includes visible light, radio waves, and X-rays Crest Highest point of a transverse wave Trough Lowest point of a transverse wave Transverse wave Ecosystem Producer Consumer A wave that moves up and down, perpendicular to the direction it is traveling All the living populations in an area along with the nonliving parts of that environment An organism that makes its own food; such as a plant An organism that feeds on other organisms Decomposer Food chain Food web Biotic Abiotic Parasite Host Predator Prey Marine Terrestrial Simple organism, such as bacteria or fungus, that breaks down dead organisms and waste, returning important nutrients to the environment Path of food energy from the sun to the producer to a series of consumers, in an ecosystem In an ecosystem, arrangement of several overlapping food chains Living organisms in an ecosystem Nonliving factors in an ecosystem Organism that feeds on cells, tissues, or fluids of another living organism Organism that supports a parasite Animal that kills and eats other animals Organism that is killed and eaten by another organism Having to do with water Having to do with land Population All members of a species living in a particular area at a particular time Parasitism Relationship between species in which one species (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed but not usually killed Symbiosis A close relationship between two species Mutualism Relationship between two species in which both species benefit Commensalism Relationship between species in which one species is helped and the other is unaffected Chemosynthesis Chemical process in which bacteria make food by converting dissolved sulfur compounds Traits Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore Photosynthesis Features an organism inherits Consumers that eat only meat Consumers that eat producers Consumers that eat plants or animals Process in which plants convert carbon dioxide and water in the presence of radiant energy into glucose and oxygen Respiration Opposite of photosynthesis Adaptation Trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce Animal cell A eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles Cell Cell membrane Basic unit of structure and function in living things Structure that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell Cell theory The idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing and that all cells come from other living cells. Cell wall Stiff outer barrier of a plant cell, outside the cell membrane, which is made mostly of cellulose Chemical energy Chloroplast Cytoplasm Eukaryote Energy stored in chemical bonds A structure in a plant cell that contains chlorophyll; sugar molecules are made in chloroplasts through the process of photosynthesis Gel-like fluid that takes up most of the space inside a cell Organisms made up of cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles Geotropism Growth of a plant in response to gravity; sometimes called gravitropism Homeostasis Keeping conditions constant inside the body, as in keeping a steady body temperature Mitochondria Structures in the cell that transform the energy in food into a form cells use to carry out their activities Nucleus Structure near the center of a cell that contains the cell’s DNA Phototropism Change in growth of a plant in response to light Plant cell A eukaryotic cell enclosed by a cell wall for structure. Plant cells depend on chlorophyll and chloroplast for energy production. Prokaryote one-celled organism that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles; includes all bacteria Radiant energy Energy produced by the sun. Tissue In plants and animals, a group of cells that work together to do a specific job Turgor pressure The main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells. Vacuole Fluid-filled structure that holds waste products or substances needed by a cell Allele One of a pair of genes that determine a specific trait Chromosome A structure located in the nucleus of a cell, made of DNA, that contains the genetic information needed to carry out cell functions and make a new cell DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid; the material found in a cell’s nucleus, that determines the genetic traits of the organism Dominant trait In a pair of alleles, the one that, if present, determines the trait Gene Segment of DNA, found on a chromosome, that determines the inheritance of a particular trait Generations Genetics Genotype That which is generated or brought forth; offspring The study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring The set of genes carried by an organism Gregor Mendel Father of genetics who conducted pea plant experiments to determine how traits were passed from one generation to the next. Heredity The passage of genetic instruction from one generation to the next generation Hybrid or heterozygous Refers to an organism that carries two different alleles for the same trait Offspring Phenotype New organism produced by a living thing. The physical appearance of an organism Pure breed or heterozygous Refers to an organism that carries two dominant or two recessive alleles for a given trait Recessive trait In a pair of alleles, the one that is masked in a dominant allele is present Selective breeding The intentional breeding of organisms with desirable traits in an attempt to produce offspring with similar desirable characteristics or with improved traits. Punnett Square A diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. Natural selection Process by which organisms change over time as those with traits best suited to an environment pass their traits to the next generation Dichotomous key A system used for identifying plants, animals, rocks, or minerals, that is made up of a series of paired descriptions to choose between Biodiversity Sustainability Contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem by providing a variety species. Ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over time in the face of external stress Body system that removes waste and toxins Excretory system Processes food into energy for that organism Digestive system Respiratory system Circulatory system Responsible for oxygen exchange; works directly with the circulatory system Carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues in the body Muscular system Allow body movement Skeletal system Gives body support and structure Nervous system Communicates information from the brain to the organs Endocrine system Controls body functions through the creation and release of hormones Integumentary system Skin; Protects the body from invaders Reproductive system Produces sex hormones and cells as well as offspring