Download Safety Symbols Pictures used to show potential hazards in the lab

Safety Symbols
Pictures used to show potential hazards in the lab
Beaker
A container, usually made of heat resistant glass,
has a spout for pouring and marks for
measurement
Hot Plate
A heating device (similar to a stove) with a flat
burner in order to heat compounds and mixtures
Fire Blanket
Used to smother small fires on surfaces or to wrap
a person who is on fire
Safety Goggles
Safety equipment worn to protect the eyes from
splashes and flying objects
Fire Extinguisher
Emergency device used to spray water or chemical
on a fire in order to put it out
Graduated Cylinder
Glass container with markings, used to measure
the volume of liquids
Thermometer
Device used to measure temperature
Eyewash
Safety device used to flush the eyes with water in
case of accidental chemical contact
Test tube
Long, narrow round glass container, sealed at one
end, used in laboratories
Waft
To fan fumes from a chemical toward the face
Theory
Idea that is the best explanation of many
observations and helps make new predictions
Science
process of trying to understand the world
Observation
information gathered with the senses
Inference
conclusion drawn from an observation
Hypothesis
statement that can be tested
Independent variable
single factor in an experiment that the
experimenter changes
Dependent variable
factor that will be measured in an experiment
Constant
factor that stays the same through all phases of an
experiment
Control
standard used for comparison in an experiment
Qualitative data
information about the quality or appearance of
what is being studied
Quantitative data
numerical information derived from an
experiment
Model
Represents aspects of the natural world that are
usually too large or too small for practical use.
Experimentation
Series of steps that under controlled conditions,
produces data that test a hypothesis or prediction
Conclusion
An explanation of the analysis of data from an
experiment
Analysis
The process of interpreting data collected from an
experiment
Data Table
Table used to organize collected data from the
results of experimentation
X-Axis
The horizontal axis on a graph
Y-Axis
The vertical axis on a graph
Bar Graph
Graph that uses bars of different lengths to
compare data
Circle graph/Pie Graph
A graph in the shape of a circle, where each slice
indicates a percentage of the whole
Line Graph
A type of graph used to show a change in a
variable over time.
Limitations
Various reasons why models are are not always
accurate such as size, scale, properties and
materials
Spring scale
Instrument used to measure force
Force
A push or pull that causes an object to accelerate
Equilibrium
When a system becomes stable or balanced
Friction
The force that opposes motion between two
surfaces in contact with each other.
Motion
The change in position of an object
Balanced forces
Forces that are equal but opposite in direction; when
they act on an object, they cancel each other out and
no change occurs in the object's motion
Unbalanced forces
Describes unequal forces acting on an object;
results in a change in the object's motion in the
direction of the larger force
Velocity
Speed and direction of a moving object
Mass
amount of matter in something; measured in
grams
Acceleration
Change in velocity over time; always produced by
a force
Inertia
An object’s tendency to resist a change in motion
Speed
Distance traveled by an object in a given amount
of time
Weight
A measure of the force of gravity on an object;
Weight = mass X acceleration to gravity
Gravity
Force of attraction between any two objects
Potential energy
Stored energy an object has because of its position
or shape
Kinetic energy
Energy an object or particle has because it is
moving
Work
Occurs when a force is used to move an object
through a distance
Law of Conservation of
energy
Mechanical energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it just
changes form
Causes objects to move
Net Force
Resultant sum of all the forces acting on
an object
Machine
Tool that makes work easier
Law of Conservation of
mass
States that matter can neither be created or
destroyed, it can only change form
Proton
Positively charged particle located in the nucleus
of an atom
Neutron
Particle with no charge located in the nucleus of
an atom
Electron
Negatively charged particle found outside the
nucleus of an atom
Atom
Smallest particle into which an element can be
divided and still have the properties of that
element
Nucleus
Center of an atom where protons and neutrons
can be found; the majority of the mass of an atom
is found in the nucleus
Electron cloud
Region around the nucleus where electrons may
be found
Valence electron
Electrons in the outermost energy level of an
atom; in large part determines an element’s
chemical properties
Atomic number
Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom of
an element
Atomic mass
Average mass of one atom of an element
Mass number
The number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom
Energy level
In an atom, specific areas at definite distances
around the nucleus; each energy level can hold a
specific number of electrons
Subatomic particle
Smaller parts of the atoms; protons, neutrons,
electrons
Principle Energy Level
A term for the electron cloud that surrounds the
nucleus of an atom
2-8-8
The pattern for the placement of the maximum
number of electrons in an atom
Amu (atomic mass unit)
Unit used to measure atoms
Periodic table
An organization of the elements based upon their
physical and chemical properties
Period
A row of elements in the periodic table whose
properties change gradually and predictably
Group (family)
Family of elements in the periodic table with
similar physical or chemical properties
Halogen
Group of elements in the periodic table that are
highly reactive nonmetals; Group 17
Noble gases
Group of elements in the periodic table that
generally do not react with other elements, and
which are all gases; Group 18
Alkali metals
Silvery solid metals that increase in reactivity
as you move from top to bottom; Group 1
Alkaline Earth metals
Name of metals found in Group 2
Metal
Elements that have luster, are malleable and
ductile, and are good conductors of heat and
electricity
Luster
shiny
Malleable
Able to be pounded into thin sheets
Ductile
Able to be pulled into a thin wire
Nonmetal
Elements that are usually gases or brittle solids at
room temperature and are poor conductors of
heat and electricity
Metalloid
Elements that share some properties of
metals and nonmetals
Density
Amount of matter in a given volume;
mass divided by volume (M/V)
Viscosity
A liquid’s resistance to flow
Chemical formula
A way of describing the number of atoms that
make up one molecule of a compound
Subscript
Lower number to the right of an element or
polyatomic ion that indicates how many atoms of
the element are present
Chemical reaction
A process that produces a chemical change
Coefficient
In a chemical equation, the number placed in front
of a chemical formula to balance the equation
Compound
Substance made of two or more elements bonded
together
Organic compounds
Contain CARBON and other elements such as
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus & sulfur
Chemical equation
A way of writing changes in the arrangement of
atoms during a chemical reaction, using chemical
symbols
Reactant
Compound or element that changes during a
chemical reaction
Product
Topographic map
Contour lines
Compound or element that is the result of a
chemical reaction
Map that shows the shape and elevation of the
land surface using contour lines, and shows other
land features by using colors and symbols
On a map, line that connects points of equal
elevation above sea level
Contour interval
The distance between two consecutive contour
lines on a topographic map
Contour index
A labeled contour line on a topographic map
The breaking down of rock by water, wind, or ice
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Volcano
Movement of weathered rock (sediment) by wind,
water, ice, or gravity
Process by which wind, water, and gravity leave
eroded sediments in new locations
A cone-shaped hill formed when hot magma,
solids, and gases erupt on Earth’s surface
Earthquake
Movement of the ground that occurs when rocks
inside the Earth pass their elastic limit, break
suddenly, and experience elastic rebound
Convection current
A current in Earth’s mantle that transfers heat in
Earth’s interior and is the driving force for plate
tectonics
Continental drift
Theory that the continents were once connected
in a single landmass that broke apart, and moved
to their current positions
Alfred Wegener
Pangaea
Seafloor spreading
Plate tectonics
Lithosphere
German scientist who in 1912 proposed the theory
of continental drift
A large, ancient landmass that was composed of
all the continents joined together
New seafloor is formed when magma is forced
upward at a mid-ocean ridge
Theory that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are
broken into plates that float and move around on
a plastic-like layer on the mantle
The rigid layer of Earth about 100km thick; made
of the crust and a part of the upper mantle
Asthenosphere
Harry Hess
Mesosaurus
A plastic-like layer on which the lithospheric plates
float and move around
Scientist responsible for the early 1960s theory of
seafloor spreading
Freshwater, swimming reptile whose fossils were
found on continents separated by oceans
Glosopteris
Fossil plant that grew in temperate climates found
in areas including, Africa, Australia, India, South
America, and Antarctica
Glomar Challenger
Research ship that gathered information about the
rocks on the seafloor, adding to the evidence for
seafloor spreading
Mid-ocean ridge
Formed at a divergent boundary; where two
plates separate, magma/lava fills the void causing
new crust to be produced
Magma/Lava
Molten material found in the Earth’s mantle; when it
reaches the surface either through a divergent
boundary or volcanic activity, it is called lava
Divergent boundary
Plate movement where two plates move apart
Rift valley
A valley that forms on land where two plates are
moving apart (divergent)
Convergent boundary
Plate movement where two plates move
together
Formed at a convergent boundary; less
dense plate is driven down into the mantle
Subduction zone
Trench
Formed by subduction (convergent boundary)
where an oceanic crust is pushed below a
continental crust
Transform boundary
Plate movement where two plates slide past each
other
Fault
A fracture that occurs when rocks change their
shape
Fault-block mountains
Mountains formed when tension forces cause
large blocks of crust to break and tilt or slide down
the broken surfaces of crust
Folded mountains
Mountains formed when 2 continental plates
converge
Trench
Formed by subduction (convergent boundary) of a
denser oceanic plate dipping under a less dense
continental plate
Island arc
Formed by subduction (convergent boundary) of a
denser oceanic plate dipping under a less dense
oceanic plate
Hurricane
A large, severe storm that forms over tropical
oceans, has winds of at least 120 km/h, and loses
power when it reaches land
Tornado
Convection
Conduction
A violently destructive windstorm occurring over land,
especially in the mid-west, and characterized by a long,
funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground
The transfer of heat energy by the flow of
materials
The transfer of energy that occurs when molecules
bump into each other
Radiation
Air pressure
Land breeze
Sea breeze
Air mass
Front
Cold front
Warm front
Stationary front
The transfer of energy in the form of rays or
waves
A measure of the weight of the atmosphere per
unit of area on Earth’s surface
The movement of air from land to sea at night;
created when cooler, denser air from the land
forces up warmer air over the sea.
The movement of air from sea to land during the day when
cooler air from above the water moves over the land, forcing
the heated, less dense air above the land to rise.
A large body of air that has the same characteristics of
temperature and moisture content as the part of
Earth’s surface over which it formed.
The boundary between two air masses with
different temperatures, density, or moisture; can
be cold, warm, stationary, and occluded
The leading edge of a cold air mass that is pushing
a warm air mass
The leading edge of a warm air mass moving in to
replace a cold air mass
A boundary between two air masses where the
masses are not moving
Occluded front
Formed in the atmosphere when a cold front
overtakes a warm front, capturing the warm air
mass between the two cold air masses
Anemometer
An instrument used to measure wind speed
Barometer
An instrument used to measure air pressure
Psychrometer
An instrument used to measure relative humidity
Polar easterlies
Air mass in the polar regions, cold, dense air sinks
and moves away from the poles. Earth’s rotation
deflects this wind from east to west.
Prevailing westerlies
A mid- latitude (30° N and S) global wind; Earth’s
rotation deflects air from west to east as air
moves toward the polar regions
Trade winds
Doldrums
Weather
Wind
A global wind that blows nearly all the time in
tropical areas
A low air pressure band near the equator where
there is little wind
Conditions in the atmosphere at a specific time
and place; determined by air pressure, humidity,
temperature and wind
The movement of air caused by differences in air
pressure
The amount of water vapor present in the air
Humidity
Relative humidity
Porosity
A measure of the amount of water vapor present
in the air compared to the amount needed for
saturation at a specific temperature
The volume of pore space available within rock or
soil
Groundwater
Aquifer
Surface water
Watershed
Permeability
Runoff
Artificial reef
Rotation
Revolution
The water contained in the open spaces or pores
of soil and rock
Layer of permeable rock through which water
flows freely
Water found on the surface of the Earth; includes
rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans
Area of land that drains water from higher land to
lower land and into a stream; also called a
drainage basin
Description of how well a rock or sediment lets
water pass through
The water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated
to full capacity and excess water from rain,
meltwater, or other sources flows over the land
A human-made underwater structure, typically built to
promote marine life in areas with a featureless bottom,
control erosion, block ship passage, or improve surfing.
The spinning of a planet, moon, sun or other
object, around its axis
One orbit of an object in space around another
object in space
The oval shape of the Earth’s orbit
Elliptical
Seasons
Changes in weather based on the tilt of the Earth
on its axis
New moon
Waxing
Waning
Full moon
Tides
Spring tide
Neap tide
Star
Nebula
Galaxy
Spiral galaxy
Moon phase that occurs when the Moon is
between the Earth and Sun and the Moon cannot
be seen because its lighted half is facing the Sun
Moon phases from new moon to full moon as the
lit surface seen from Earth grows larger
Moon phases from full moon to new moon as the
lit surface seen from Earth grows smaller
Phase that occurs when all of the Moon’s surface
facing Earth reflects light
Rhythmic rise and fall in sea level created by the
gravitational attraction of Earth and Moon as well as
Earth and Sun
Tides that are most extreme, high tides are higher;
occur when the Moon and Sun are lined up with
each other
Tides that are less extreme; occur when the Moon
and sun are at right angles
A huge object in space made up of gas and giving
up heat and light from nuclear reactions
A large cloud of gas and dust that contracts under
gravitational force and breaks apart into smaller
pieces, each of which will collapse to form a star
A large group of stars, dust, and gas held together
by gravity
Shaped like a sphere with curved arms. Our solar
system is spiral
Elliptical galaxy
Herztsprung- Russell
Diagram
Electromagnetic
spectrum
Wavelength
Light year
Shape like an oval
Diagram that shows the relationship between
stars temperature and magnitude
The range of electromagnetic waves classified by
their wavelength
The distance from any point on one wave to a
corresponding point on the next wave
Distance light travels in one year; used to measure
distances between stars and galaxies
Big Bang theory
Theory that states that about 12 billion to 15
billion years ago, the universe began with a huge,
fiery explosion
Red shift
When looking through a spectroscope at galaxies,
a red shift in their spectra indicates that the
galaxies are moving away from each other
Spectroscope
Doppler shift
Frequency
Nuclear fusion
An instrument that acts like a prism, spreading
light in a rainbow band called a spectrum
The change in the apparent frequency of a wave, because
either the source of the wave is moving toward or away from
the observer, or the observer is moving toward or away from
the source of the wave
Number of wave vibrations produced in one
second
Reactions that occur when hydrogen atoms
combine to form helium atoms
Cluster
Groups of galaxies
Absolute magnitude
A measure of the amount of light the star gives off
Apparent magnitude
A measure of the amount of light from a star that
is received on earth
Mechanical waves
Energy that travels through matter; examples
include sound, ocean waves, and earthquake
waves
Electromagnetic wave
Form of energy that can travel through empty
space as well as through matter; includes visible
light, radio waves, and X-rays
Crest
Highest point of a transverse wave
Trough
Lowest point of a transverse wave
Transverse wave
Ecosystem
Producer
Consumer
A wave that moves up and down, perpendicular to
the direction it is traveling
All the living populations in an area along with the
nonliving parts of that environment
An organism that makes its own food; such as a
plant
An organism that feeds on other organisms
Decomposer
Food chain
Food web
Biotic
Abiotic
Parasite
Host
Predator
Prey
Marine
Terrestrial
Simple organism, such as bacteria or fungus, that
breaks down dead organisms and waste, returning
important nutrients to the environment
Path of food energy from the sun to the producer
to a series of consumers, in an ecosystem
In an ecosystem, arrangement of several
overlapping food chains
Living organisms in an ecosystem
Nonliving factors in an ecosystem
Organism that feeds on cells, tissues, or fluids of
another living organism
Organism that supports a parasite
Animal that kills and eats other animals
Organism that is killed and eaten by another
organism
Having to do with water
Having to do with land
Population
All members of a species living in a particular area
at a particular time
Parasitism
Relationship between species in which one species
(parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed
but not usually killed
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two species
Mutualism
Relationship between two species in which both
species benefit
Commensalism
Relationship between species in which one species
is helped and the other is unaffected
Chemosynthesis
Chemical process in which bacteria make food by
converting dissolved sulfur compounds
Traits
Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
Photosynthesis
Features an organism inherits
Consumers that eat only meat
Consumers that eat producers
Consumers that eat plants or animals
Process in which plants convert carbon dioxide
and water in the presence of radiant energy into
glucose and oxygen
Respiration
Opposite of photosynthesis
Adaptation
Trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce
Animal cell
A eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane
and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and
organelles
Cell
Cell membrane
Basic unit of structure and function in living things
Structure that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell
Cell theory
The idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in
every living thing and that all cells come from
other living cells.
Cell wall
Stiff outer barrier of a plant cell, outside the cell
membrane, which is made mostly of cellulose
Chemical energy
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Eukaryote
Energy stored in chemical bonds
A structure in a plant cell that contains
chlorophyll; sugar molecules are made in
chloroplasts through the process of
photosynthesis
Gel-like fluid that takes up most of the space
inside a cell
Organisms made up of cells that have a
membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles
Geotropism
Growth of a plant in response to gravity;
sometimes called gravitropism
Homeostasis
Keeping conditions constant inside the body, as in
keeping a steady body temperature
Mitochondria
Structures in the cell that transform the energy in
food into a form cells use to carry out their
activities
Nucleus
Structure near the center of a cell that contains
the cell’s DNA
Phototropism
Change in growth of a plant in response to light
Plant cell
A eukaryotic cell enclosed by a cell wall for
structure. Plant cells depend on chlorophyll and
chloroplast for energy production.
Prokaryote
one-celled organism that does not have a
membrane-bound nucleus or organelles; includes
all bacteria
Radiant energy
Energy produced by the sun.
Tissue
In plants and animals, a group of cells that work
together to do a specific job
Turgor pressure
The main pressure of the cell contents against the
cell wall in plant cells.
Vacuole
Fluid-filled structure that holds waste products or
substances needed by a cell
Allele
One of a pair of genes that determine a specific
trait
Chromosome
A structure located in the nucleus of a cell, made of
DNA, that contains the genetic information needed to
carry out cell functions and make a new cell
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; the material found in a
cell’s nucleus, that determines the genetic traits of
the organism
Dominant trait
In a pair of alleles, the one that, if present,
determines the trait
Gene
Segment of DNA, found on a chromosome, that
determines the inheritance of a particular trait
Generations
Genetics
Genotype
That which is generated or brought forth; offspring
The study of how traits are passed from parent to
offspring
The set of genes carried by an organism
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics who conducted pea plant
experiments to determine how traits were passed
from one generation to the next.
Heredity
The passage of genetic instruction from one
generation to the next generation
Hybrid or heterozygous
Refers to an organism that carries two different
alleles for the same trait
Offspring
Phenotype
New organism produced by a living thing.
The physical appearance of an organism
Pure breed or
heterozygous
Refers to an organism that carries two dominant
or two recessive alleles for a given trait
Recessive trait
In a pair of alleles, the one that is masked in a
dominant allele is present
Selective breeding
The intentional breeding of organisms with desirable
traits in an attempt to produce offspring with similar
desirable characteristics or with improved traits.
Punnett Square
A diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a
particular cross or breeding experiment.
Natural selection
Process by which organisms change over time as
those with traits best suited to an environment
pass their traits to the next generation
Dichotomous key
A system used for identifying plants, animals,
rocks, or minerals, that is made up of a series of
paired descriptions to choose between
Biodiversity
Sustainability
Contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem
by providing a variety species.
Ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure
and function over time in the face of external
stress
Body system that removes waste and toxins
Excretory system
Processes food into energy for that organism
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Responsible for oxygen exchange; works directly
with the circulatory system
Carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues in the
body
Muscular system
Allow body movement
Skeletal system
Gives body support and structure
Nervous system
Communicates information from the brain to the
organs
Endocrine system
Controls body functions through the creation and
release of hormones
Integumentary system
Skin; Protects the body from invaders
Reproductive system
Produces sex hormones and cells as well as
offspring