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AP Biology Summer Assignment 2017-2018 Welcome to AP biology! AP Biology is an intense course with a lot of material that needs to be covered. Although AP Biology is a huge commitment, we will have a lot of fun. I look forward to working with each one of you next year! Here are a few items of interest before you get started on the summer assignment. I know the words “summer assignment” tends to send chills down any high school student’s spine, but I think that you will find this assignment to be beneficial to you as we start the school year in the fall. The reason I am giving you a summer assignment is to keep your mind sharp so you are ready to hit the ground running! # TIMELINE ASSIGNED TASK Email Mrs. Perry at [email protected] (Email Assignment) Welcome to AP Biology! We are going to spend a lot of time together next year, so it’s best if I get a head start on learning a bit about you. Also we will use the Internet and the Web a lot next year for this course, so let’s get you used to communicating with me via e-mail. 1 Due ASAP Draft an e-mail to me following these rules: 1. Use complete sentences. 2. This is a professional communication like you would have with a college professor, so let’s practice for the future! 3. Make the Subject: AP Bio: Introduction to <Insert Your Name Here> 4. Begin the e-mail with a formal salutation, like “Dear Mrs. Perry,” 5. Now introduce yourself (your name) and tell me a little bit about yourself, like: a. b. c. d. e. f. 6. 2 June 2017 3 Ongoing What do you like to do (hobbies, sports, music, interests, etc.)? Who was your previous biology teacher? What did you like/dislike about your last biology class? What is your motivation for taking AP Biology? What are you most anxious about in AP Biology? What do you want to do when you graduate high school? Are there any special circumstances I should know about you or your life? Send the email to [email protected] Check out an AP Biology Textbook and Test Preparation Book Login to YouTube and Subscribe to Bozeman Biology Mr. Anderson has a series of AP Biology podcasts. You should watch his podcasts regularly. Experimental Design Assignment [below] 2nd 4 Due day of class 5 Due 2nd day of class Take notes on Experimental Design Power Point on my HHS websites [AP Biology Notes]. Notes must be neat and organized. Complete the attached experimental design assignment. Graphing 101 Assignment [attached] Take notes on Graphing 101 Power Point on my HHS website [AP Biology Notes]. Notes must be neat and organized. Complete the attached graphing assignment. Evolution Unit Notes 6 Due 2nd day of class 7 Due 2nd day of class 8 Due 2nd day of class Read evolution unit in your AP Biology Test Preparation Book [not textbook]. Take notes on evolution unit. Notes should be detailed and organized. Evolution Guided Notes [attached] Complete Guided Notes using the Ch 20, 17, 18, 19 Power Points on my school website. FREE RESPONSE QUESTION [attached] Do not attempt this assignment until you have completed the Evolution Unit and Guided Notes. Your response must be handwritten. Assignment #4: Experimental Design I would like to give you the opportunity to review and practice your experimental design skills prior to entering the class. This assignment is due the second day of class. It should be word processed and include answers to the following questions: 1. What is a hypothesis? 2. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? 3. Why is it vital to work with large sample sizes of organisms in an experiment? 4. What is an independent variable (IV)? Dependent variable (DV)? Controlled variables (CVs) or constants? 5. Why is it important to have a limited number of independent variables? 6. What is the difference between a control group and controlled variables? 7. Given the following scenario and hypothesis, design an experiment to test that hypothesis. Do not actually set up and perform the experiment. Your experimental design should include the following: Title - give your design an appropriate title Introduction – summarize background information Problem – what question are you trying to answer Hypothesis – use if/then/because format and identify IDV, DV and CVs Materials – list all needed supplies Procedure – number your steps Data – describe data you would collect (no real data will be collected, but you might want to design a data table) Scenario: Dr. Albert read that there is a species of small blue butterfly whose caterpillar lives on wild cherry leaves that have been infected with a gall-producing mite. The caterpillars do not eat the leaves, only the galls. The gall is made of leaf tissue, and should provide similar nutrition to the leaf. Dr Albert suspects that when the caterpillar eats the gall it also eats the mites inside, and he further suspects that eating the mites may be necessary for the proper development of the butterfly. Name: ____________________________________________ Per: ______ Assignment #5: Graphing 101 1. Review the Graphing 101 Power Point on my website. Take notes must be neat and organized. Complete this assignment graphing and questions. The assignment is due the second day of class. Baby chickens, like all baby birds, require a constant source of food. As chick grow, more energy is required for daily activities, and their food requirements increase. The following data table reports the average food eaten by a group of 10 chickens over a 5-day period. Baby Chicken Food Consumption Day Food Consumed (g) 0 0.0 1 1.0 2 3.2 3 --- 4 10.6 5 15.4 Questions 1. Identify the independent variable. 2. Identify the dependent variables. 3. How much grain did the chicks eat on day 3? 2. The data below summarizes the results of a scientific experiment on the effects of a growth hormone (gibberellic acid) on plant height. A 0.1 molar solution was used in all experiments. Gibberellic Acid and Plant Height Questions Gibberellic Acid (0.1 M) (mL) Plant Height at 1 Week (cm) 1. Identify the independent variable: 20 30 18.5 20.7 2. Identify the dependent variable: 40 45.2 3. Estimate the plant height at 10 mL gibberellic acid. 50 62.3 4. Estimate the plant height at 25 mL? 60 10.6 5. Explain why the plant height at 60 mL is not consistent with the rest of the data. 4. A team of scientists wanted to test the effects of temperature on the germination rate of pinto beans. They placed three sets of 100 pinto bean seeds in temperature-controlled chambers: Chamber A was set at 15o C, chamber B at 20oC, and chamber C at 25oC. Their results are shown in Table 1 below: Questions: Germination Rates of Pinto Beans 5. Day % Germination (15o C) % Germination (20o C) % Germination (25o C) 0 0 0 0 2 2 10 10 4 10 30 50 6 20 40 80 8 20 60 90 10 35 70 90 1. Identify the independent variable: 2. Identify the dependent variable: 3. Compare and contrast the growth rate of pinto beans at the different temperatures. 4. Summarize the experimental results. A scientist designed an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. The data are shown in Table 1 below. Be sure to include the error bars on your graph. Questions: 1. Identify the independent variable. 2. Identify the dependent variable. 3. Summarize the experimental results. Assignment #7: Evolution Guided Notes Name _________________________________ Per __ Use the Evolution PPT’s on my website to fill in the guided notes. Chapter 20: Origin of Life 1. Identify the time frame, conditions, and evidence for each of the following steps leading to current life forms on earth. a. b. Origin of the earth ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prokaryotes ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Oxidizing atmosphere ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ d. Eukaryotic cells ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ e. Multicellular life ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is special about chloroplasts and mitochondria? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe the hypothesized conditions on earth when life arose. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Based on the hypothesis about the origin of life, list the 4 events that are thought to be required for the formation of life. a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ d. .____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Why is RNA now thought to be the first genetic code? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What did Oparin, Haldane, Miller and Urey do to support the various theories of life? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the basis of the classification system developed by Linneaus? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Why is taxonomy considered a work in progress? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What are two problems with the five kingdom system of classification? a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits this hypothesis for the origin of life: Photosynthesis, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Nucleic Acid replication (RNA or DNA), Membrane transport _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Label the diagram to explain the Miller and Urey experiment to test the Abiotic Synthesis hypothesis. 14. Label the diagram to indicate the major events, the time frame, of the origin of life on Earth. Chapter 17: Darwin, Evolution and Evidence 15. Describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. How did the observations during his voyage on the Beagle influence Darwin’s theories? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. What was so important about the Galápagos Islands in Darwin’s observations? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 18. What is the driving force behind the evolution of the 14 species of finches on the Galapagos? _________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. What were the five inferences Darwin made after visiting the Galapagos? a. b. c. d. e. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 21. What is the primary mechanism for evolutionary change?______________________________________________________ 22. What is another name for a successful trait? ________________________________________________________________ 23. What are the three conditions in nature that must be met to drive natural selection? a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 24. Briefly discuss how artificial selection leads to new species ____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 25. What is a Homologous structure and how do they support the theory of evolution by Natural Selection? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 26. What is an Analogous structure? _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 27. What is parallel evolution, give an example _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 28. Compare and Contracts Convergent and Divergent evolution, give an example of each. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 29. How does the molecular record support the theory of evolution by means of Natural Selection?________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 30. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural selection. a. b. c. d. e. Paleontology _________________________________________________________________________________ Biogeography _________________________________________________________________________________ Homologous structures _________________________________________________________________________ Vestigial organs _______________________________________________________________________________ Embryology __________________________________________________________________________________ 31. How are pesticide resistance and drug resistance evidence of Natural selection? ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 32. List the different types of Natural selection and give an example of each a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 33. Discuss how a Lion’s Mane leads to great fitness. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 18: The Evolution Of Populations 34. What is another name for favorable traits? _________________________________________________________________ 35. What are (3) sources of mutations? a.________________ b. _________________ c. _______________ 36. What are the (5) agents of evolutionary change? a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ c. ____________________________________ d. ____________________________________ e. ____________________________________ 37. Describe in detail how mutation leads to a change in relative fitness. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 38. Why is genetic variation important to evolution? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 39. What is the role of mutations to forming variation? ___________________________________________________________ 40. What factors of sexual reproduction lead to variations within a population? ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. Population genetics puts a mathematical approach to the study of microevolution. Define each of the terms commonly used in population genetics. a. population: ______________________________________________________________________________________ b. gene pool: _______________________________________________________________________________________ c. allele frequency: __________________________________________________________________________________ 42. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each. Founders effect: ______________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bottleneck effect ______________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. List the five conditions that must be met by populations to insure stability (no evolution). a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ e. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 44. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg distribution of genes in a population, write the equation that describes genotype frequencies. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 45. Define the following: a. p=__________________________________________________________________________________________ b. 2pq=________________________________________________________________________________________ c. q=__________________________________________________________________________________________ 46. How does Hardy Weinberg account for large numbers of people that are heterozygous for Sickle Cell? __________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ a. What is that called? ____________________________________________________________________________ b. What do sickled cells provide an advantage? ________________________________________________________ Chapter 19: The Origin Of Species 47. Define the term species. _______________________________________________________________________________ 48. Define and give an example for each of the following mechanisms that produce reproductive isolation. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Geographic isolation ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Temporal isolation ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Behavioral isolation ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Gamete isolation ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Postzygotic Mechanisms ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hybrid inviability ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hybrid sterility ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 49. Define allopatric speciation. _____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 50. Define sympatric speciation _____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Assignment #8: Free Response Question Name ____________________________________ Per _____ Due the 2nd day of AP Biology Answers must be in essay form (no intro or conclusion paragraphs required for Biology FRQs). Please letter your response to make grading easier but outline form is not acceptable. Labeled diagrams may be used to supplement discussion, but in no case will the diagram alone suffice. It is important that you read the entire problem completely before you begin to write your response. Write all answers on a sheet of notebook paper (answer must be handwritten). To determine the likelihood that a patient with a bacterial infection who is in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital could be successfully treated with antibiotics, researchers investigated the frequency of antibiotic resistance in bacteria taken from patients in ICUs in the California from 2004 to 2010. The data from the investigation are shown in the table, along with the overall change in the frequency of bacterial resistance in patient samples from 2004 to 2010. INCIDENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS ADMITTED TO ICUs FROM 2004 TO 2010 Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin Keflex Ampicillin Levaquin Zithromax Percent of All Samples Demonstrating Antibiotic Resistance in 2010 19 22 65 11 22 Overall Change in Percent Resistance to Antibiotics from 2004 to 2010 +10 +6 +3 +1 0 a) A patient was admitted to the ICU in November 2010 with an unidentified bacterial infection. Based on the data from the study, identify the following: The antibiotic that was most likely to be effective for treating the infection. The antibiotic that was least likely to be effective for treating the infection. b) Using the data, provide justification for the claim that antibiotic resistance may arise in bacterial species. c) Describe 3 different processes by which antibiotic resistance develops in bacterial cells. d) Describe 2 features of natural selection that lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance in a population over many generations. Give 1 reason that the development of antibiotic resistance is an example of evolution.