Download page No. 01 ON THE NAME OF ALMIGHY ALLAH How a new

page No. 01
ON THE NAME OF ALMIGHY ALLAH
How a new language can be learnt
Two friends , Raghib and Adeeb wanted to learn how to ride a bi cycle. Adeeb bought
a book called How to Ride a Bi cycle and started to read it. On the other hand , Raghib
took out his cycle on the street and started trying to ride it. He fell off several times and
Adeeb laughed at him. However, by the time Adeeb finished the first chapter of his
book , Ragheib was riding his cycle fairly well. Adeeb knew how the cycle worked but
did not know how to use it. Raghib did not need to know everything about how the
cycle worked but he knew how to use it from first-hand experience. Learning language
is like the riding a cycle. The most important thing about any language is
communication. You learn to communicate effectively by using a language, by doing
things with it and by experiencing it. You can learn English in the same way that
Raghib learnt to ride a cycle. Don’t worry if people laugh at you when you make
mistakes. You can certainly learn through mistakes . (Ref: HSC/EFT)
How are we going to learn from this note
01. Contraction ;
Personal Pronoun + Verb
Contraction; Verb + not
Other contractions
02. Capitalization & Punctuation;
Punctuation Marks
Use of punctuation marks
03.Developing Oral Skill
Making Sentence By using “Do”
04. How to form long sentences
05. A peculiar note on Tense ( in details)
Present indefinite tense
Present continuous tense
Present Indefinite Tense
Present perfect tense
Past indefinite tense
Past continuous tense
Past Perfect tense
Future indefinite tense
Future Perfect Continuous tense
06. Conjugation of verbs
Present Indefinite Tense (Verb to Be) S+ am/is/are + obj
Present Indefinite Tense
Present Indefinite Tense (with P. Verb
Past Indefinite Tense
Past continuous Tense (Any P/V; e.g. Go, Do, teach. learn, help,---)
Past Perfect Tense (Any P/V; e.g. Go, Do, teach. learn, help,---)
Word Order in English Sentences
07. Word Order in English Sentences
Positive sentences
Negative sentence
Subordinate clause
08. Textual Structures (Joining Sentences/Completing/Matching)
The use of going to +Verb
page No. 02
Contractions
Spoken English G K‡_vcK_‡bi mgq wKQy wKQy kã ms‡¶‡c D”PvwiZ nq ewjqv ïwbev
gvÎ Zvnv eySv m¤¢e nq bv | G‡`i Contractions e‡j | G Contractions ¸‡jv Bs‡iRx 2q c‡Î
7b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi Kivi mgq Ges Dialogue wjL‡Z `iKvi nq || wb‡gœ Gme msw¶ß ixwZ
†`qv n‡jv, gyL¯Í Ges practice Ki‡Z n‡e \
Contraction ; Personal Pronoun + Verb
c~Y© iƒc
I am
I have
I shall
I would/ I had
You are
You have
You will
msw¶ß iƒc
I’m
I’ve
I’ll
I’d
You’re
You’ve
You’ll
You’d
He’s
He’ll
He’d
You would/ you had
He is
He will
He had,/he would
D”PviY
Avg
AvBf
AvBj
AvBW
BIi
BIf
BDj
BDW
nxR
nxj
nxW
c~Y© iƒc
She is
She will
msw¶ß iƒc
She’s
She’ll
She’d
We’re
We’ve
We’ll
We’d
It’ll
They’re
They’ve
They’ll
D”PviY
kxR
kxj
kxW
DBqvi
DBqve
DCj
DBW
BwUj
‡`qv
‡`e
‡`j
msw¶ß iƒc
c~Y© iƒc
D”PviY
Mightn’t
Mustn’t
Needn’t
Oughtn’t
Shan’t
Shouldn’t
Wasn’t
Weren’t
Wouldn’t
Mayn’t
Might not
Must not
Need not
Ought not
Shall not
Should not
Was not
Were not
Would not
May not
gvBU›U
gvm›U
bxW›U
IUu›U
k¨v›U
ïW›U
IqvR›U
I‡q›U
DW›U
‡gB›U
she would/ had
we are
we have
we will
we would/ we had
It will
They are
They have
They will
Contraction; Verb + not
msw¶ß iƒc
c~Y© iƒc
Aren’t
Can’t
Couldn’t
Daren’t
Didn’t
Doesn’t
Hasn’t
Haven’t
Hadn’t
Isn’t
Are not
Can not
Could not
Dare not
Did not
Does not
Has not
Have not
Had not
Is not
D”PviY
Avi›U
Kv›U
KzW›U
‡WB›U
wWW›U
WvR›U
‡nR›U
‡nf›U
‡nW›U
BR›U
Other contractions
msw¶ß iƒc
c~Y© iƒc
D”PviY
msw¶ß iƒc
c~Y© iƒc
evsjv D”PviY
Here’s
Here is
wnqvR
When’s
When is
I‡qÝ
How’s
How is
nvDR
Where ’s
Where is
I‡qR
That’d
That would
`¨vqUW
Who’s
Who is
ûR
That’ll
That Will
`¨vUj
Who’d
Who would
ûW
That’s
That is
`¨vwUR
Who’ll
Who will
There’s
There is
‡`qviR
What’s
What is
What’ll
What will
IqvUj
ûj
IqvUm
Now Join in the discussion with Ts/Ss
page No. 03
Capitalization & Punctuation
[G †bvU wU GTM method
G ˆZix ]
page 01
11 b¤^i cÖ‡kœ Punctuation marks wenxb GKwU passage / Aby‡”Q` ‡`qv _vK‡e| wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K
wbqgvbyhvqx capital letters and Punctuation Marks emv‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b †gvU b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e 5|
capital letters and Punctuation Marks ewm‡q Aby‡”Q`wU Avevi my›`i fv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e Ges
emv‡bv capital letters / Punctuation Marks Gi bx‡P `vM w`‡Z n‡e|
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co:weivg wPý m¤ú‡K© avibv †bB Ggb GKRb gwnjv Zvi cÖevmx ¯^vgx‡K GKw`b wb¤œ wjwLZ cÎ
Lvbv wj‡LwQj|
Ò I‡Mv mvivwU Rxeb Zzwg we‡`‡kB KvUvB‡j GB wQj | †Zvgvi Kcv‡j Avgvi cv| AviI dzwjqv
DwVqv‡Q DVvbUv | R‡j fwiqv wMqv‡Q †QvU †LvKv | ¯‹z‡j hvB‡Z Pvqbv QvMjvUv| ïay Nvm
LvBqv wSgvB‡Z‡Q †Zvgvi evev| †c‡Ui Amy‡L fzwM‡Z‡Q evMvbUv| Av‡g fwiqv wMqv‡Q N‡ii
Qv`| ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b dzUv nBqv wMqv‡Q Mvfxi †cU| †`wLqv g‡b nq ev”Qv w`‡e Kwi‡gi evc| †ivR `yB
‡mi `ya †`q eo eD | ivbœv Kwi‡Z wMqv nvZ †cvovBqv †dwjqv‡Q KzKzi QvbvwU| mvivw`b †jR
bvovBqv †Ljv K‡i eo †LvKv| `vwo KvwU‡Z wMqv Mvj KvwUqv †dwjhv‡Q gbyi gv| evi evi wdU
nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q Wv³vi| mv‡ne Avwmqv †`wLqv wM‡qv‡Qb| GgZve¯’vq Zzwg evwo Avwm‡e bv|
Avwm‡j `~twLZ nB‡e|
Gevi mwVK fv‡e weivg wPý w`qv cwo:Ò I‡Mv
mvivwU Rxeb Zzwg we‡`‡kB KvUvB‡j | GB wQj
†Zvgvi Kcv‡j |
Avgvi cv AviI dzwjqv DwVqv‡Q| DVvbUv R‡j fwiqv wMqv‡Q| †QvU †LvKv
¯‹z‡j hvB‡Z Pvqbv | QvMjvUv ïay Nvm LvBqv wSgvB‡Z‡Q | †Zvgvi evev
†c‡Ui Amy‡L fzwM‡Z‡Q | evMvbUv Av‡g fwiqv wMqv‡Q|
N‡ii Qv` ¯’v‡b
¯’v‡b dzUv nBqv wMqv‡Q | Mvfxi †cU †`wLqv g‡b nq ev”Qv w`‡e| Kwi‡gi
evc †ivR `yB ‡mi `ya †`q | eo eD
ivbœv Kwi‡Z wMqv nvZ †cvovBqv
†dwjqv‡Q | KzKzi QvbvwU mvivw`b †jR bvovBqv †Ljv K‡i | eo †LvKv `vwo
KvwU‡Z wMqv Mvj KvwUqv †dwjqv‡Q | gbyi gv evi evi wdU nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q |
Wv³vi mv‡ne Avwmqv †`wLqv wM‡qv‡Qb| GgZve¯’vq Zzwg evwo Avwm‡e | bv
Avwm‡j `~twLZ nB‡e|
‡Kvb K_v GK Uvbv e‡j †M‡j Gi A_© my ®úó nqbv |¯úô K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨
GKUvbv bv e‡j †_‡g †_‡g ewj| †Kv_vI Aí _vwg Avevi †Kv_vI †ewk _vwg
| K‡Ú Avevi KLbI cÖkœ , Av‡eM, †L` BZ¨vw` myi
dzwU‡q Zzwj | K_vi
gv‡S G LvwbK weiwZ ev K‡Úi bvbv iKg myi aivi R‡b¨ †jLvi mgq KZ¸‡jv
mvs‡KwZK wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| G wPý ¸‡jv‡K weivg wPý ev Punctuation
marks ejv nq|
Punctuation marks hwZ ev weivg wPý ev‡K¨i A_© e`‡j w`‡Z cv‡i |
†hgb :- GLv‡b `vuov‡eb bv, `vuov‡j 500 UvKv Rwigvbv |
G evK¨wU‡K hwZ wPý Kgv ev` w`‡q hw` cwo †Kgb nq? - GLv‡b `vouv‡eb bv `vuov‡j 500UvKv
Rwigvbv |
A_© wecixZ n‡q †Mj| Avevi wb‡Pi evK¨ `y‡Uv †`L|
No boys are here (GLv‡b †Kvb †Q‡j †bB ) No, boys are here ( bv, †Q‡jiv &GLv‡b Av‡Q| )
cÖvPxb Kv‡j gvÎ `y‡Uv †Q` wPý e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| †m¸‡jv nj G `uvwo(|) `yB `vuwo(||) eZ©gv‡b
cÖvq †PŠÏwU †Q` wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ evsjvq I Bs‡iwR Zv‡`i cwiPq †`qv njt-
Punctuation Marks
µg
1
wPý
2
3
4
5
6
7
;
.
:
?
!
ÑÑ
,
evsjv bvg
Kgv/ cv`‡”Q`
wPý
Aa©‡”Q wPý
c~b© †”Q` wPý
`„óvšÍ‡”Q` wPý
cÖkœ‡evaK wPý
we®§qK wPý
‡iLv wPý
English name
Comma
weiwZi cwigvb
1 (GK) D”Pvib Ki‡Z hZ mgq jv‡M
Semi colon
Full stop
Colon
Question mark
Exclamations
Dash (long)
Kgvi wØ ¸Y
cÖvq 1 †m‡KÛ
cÖvq 1 †m‡KÛ
cÖvq 1 †m‡KÛ
cÖvq 1 †m‡KÛ
cÖvq 1 †m‡KÛ
8
9
Õ
10
ÔÕ
ÓÓ
/
.
... ...
(), { }
11
12
13
14
c` ms‡hvRK wPý
‡jvc/Da© Kgv
wPý
DØ„wZ wPý
Hyphen / dash
Apostrophe
weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
Quotation
weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
weKí wPý
we›`y wPý
wÎ we›`y wPý
eÜb wPý
Or
Dot
Triple dot
Bracket
weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB
page 04
Use of punctuation marks
1.Full stop (.)
GwU Øviv c~Y wyeiwZ cÖKvk K‡i| GwU e¨eüZ nq---1. Assertive , Imperative, Optative sentences Gi †k‡l |
Examples:- The boy sings well. Go to school. May Allah bless you.
2. Abbreviation Gi c‡i (eZ©gv‡b †Zgb cÖPjb †bB|)
Examples:- M.A. U.S.A.
2.Comma (,)
GwU me‡P‡q Kg mg‡qi weiwZi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| GwU ---1.GKB ai‡bi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word/ ev clause †K Avjv`v Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- Mita, Sita, Gita are three sisters.
2. and Øviv hy³ pair of words †K c„_K Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- All men rich and poor, high and low, must die.
3. Nominatiove absolute ( †Kvb noun hy³ phrase gyj ev‡K¨i MV‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©nxb)
Gi c‡i|
Examples:- The sun having set , we went home. The dinner over, the guest left.
4. phrase ev
clause †K c„_K Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| Examples:- The sun , as it were, the
lamp of the universe .
5 gyj ev‡K¨i MV‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb word /phrase e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi Av‡M I
c‡i e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:-Yes you are, after all, an honest man.
6. case in apposition Gi Av‡M I c‡i e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- Mr Safa , Headmaster of this school , is a learned man .
7. Vocative case (m‡¤^va‡bi ) mgq e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:Mita , come here .
8.
Yes
/
no
Dˇii
c‡i
e¨eüZ
nq|
Examples:- Yes, you are right. No, I am wrong.
9. Taq question Gi mgq e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- The boy sings well,
doesn’t he?
10.
GKB
k‡ãi
c~bive„wË
NU‡j
cÖ_gwUi
c‡i
e¨eüZ
nq|
Examples:- You are very ,very well.
11.Ommision
ev Aby‡jøL wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:I am a boy and she , a girl. (She is a girl).
12. sentence ïiæ‡Z †Kvb .phrase/clause †K Avjv`v Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- When I was going to school, I met him.
13.Reporting verb Gi c‡i e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:The boy said, “I am well today”
14.
eQi
,gvm
w`b
Gi
g‡a¨
e¨eüZ
nq|
Examples:- I was born May 17,2010.
15.wVKvbv
¯’vb
Avjv`v
Examples:- The boy lives in 14, Dilkhusha ,Dhaka.
16.ci
ci
`ywU
¯’v‡bi
bvg
emv‡j
Examples:- I live in Chawk bazaar (, ) Chittagong .
Ki‡Z
cÖ_gwUi
e¨eüZ
c‡i
nq|
e¨eüZ
nq|
3.Semi Colon (;)
1.Compound sentence
Gi g‡a¨ co coordinating conjunction ev` w`‡j e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:-We are ready; let’s start
now.
2.Therfore ,yet, still, but, then, however, else, otherwise BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ co coordinating clause
wecixZ A_©© cÖKvk
Ki‡j
e¨eüZ
nq|
Examples:- Walk quickly ; else you will miss the train.
3. †Kvb `xN© ZvwjKvq (list) Gi ïiæ‡Z
e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- Mita
bought; banana, mango----.
4. Colon (:)
1.c~e© eZx© †Kv b sentence *Gi wel‡q †Kvb D`vnib I e¨vL¨v w`‡Z e¨eüZ
nq|
Examples:-There are two kinds of voice : Active , Passive voice.
2 †Kvb DØ„wZ Quataton m~Pbv Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| Examples:- Keats said: “ A thing of
beauty is a joy forever”
page 05
5. Question Marks (?)
1. Interrogative sentence Gi ‡k‡l
e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:-What are you thinking?
2 . Taq Question
Gi †k‡l e¨eüZ nq| Examples:- A thing of beauty is a joy forever
isn’t it?
6. Exclamation Marks (!)
1.Exclamatory sentence Gi ‡k‡l
e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:-What a pathetic matter it is!
2 . Taq Question
Gi †k‡l e¨eüZ nq| Examples:- A thing of beauty is a joy forever isn’t
it?
7. Quotation Marks (?)
1. Abwf‡cÖZ Word cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
e¨eüZ nq| Examples:-He did much in the name of
“yeomen’s service”
2 . cÖev‡`i g‡a¨ e¨eüZ nq| Examples:-“A rolling stone gathers no moss”
3. Reported speech g‡a¨ e¨eüZ nq| Examples:-He said, “ I am well”
4. A‡b¨i e³e¨ ûeû cÖKvk Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- “ A thing of beauty is a joy
forever”- Keats.
8. Apostrophe (‘)
1.
possessive
case
MVb
Ki‡Z
e¨eüZ
nq|
Examples:- That is Rahim’s pen.
2
.
†Kvb
k‡ãi
g‡a¨
letter
Dn¨
ivL‡Z
e¨eüZ
nq|
Examples:- I can’t go (can not) . Isn’t it? (is not)
3.
msL¨v I e‡Y©i Plural number ˆZix Ki‡Z
e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- Add two 5’s and two 3’s.
4. Hyphenated or compound word Gi †ejvq e¨eüZ nq|
Examples:- Fatherin-law’s house.
Use of Capitals
wb検 wjwLZ ¯’v‡b Bs‡iRx eo nv‡Zi (capital letters) n‡e |
1. Sentence Gi cÖ‡Z¨K jvB‡bi ïiæ‡Z capital letters n‡e|
Examples:- This my note. What are you doing? Go to your school.
2.
KweZvi cÖ‡Z¨K jvBb Gi cÖ_g A¶i capital letter n‡e |
Example:-Man may come and Men may go
But I go on forever.
3. Proper noun / Proper adjective Gi cÖ_g eY©wU capital letters n‡e|
Examples:- I met with Kamal, Nasir and Mina at Dhaka.
I like Chinese food.
4. w`b ,gvm ,¸iæZ¡c~b© w`b Gi bv‡gi cÖ_g A¶i capital letters n‡e |
Examples:-Monday, February, May Day,Ramadan.
5. w`K eySv‡j capital letters n‡e | The South, The North.
6. North, west Øviv w`‡Mi bvg bv eywS‡q †fŠMwjK GjvKv‡K eySv‡j capital letters
n‡e|
Example:- We spent 10 years in the West.
7. †h †Kvb DØ„wZi cÖ_g AvÿiwU capital letters n‡e| Mina says, “It is my duty” .
8.,m„wôKZ©v ev †Kvb †`eZ¡‡K eySv‡Z noun/ pronoun Gi cÖ_g A¶i capital letters n‡e |
Pray to God for His mercy .
9. ‡h †Kvb †jLvi Gi ci cÖ‡Z¨K Paragrhaph Gi cÖ_g A¶i capital letter n‡e |
10. eB ,g¨vMvwRb ,bvUK ,†Kvb †jLvi Aby‡Q&Q` ïiæ, †nW jvBb me mgq capital letters n‡e\
English For Today, Hamlet, Harry Potter.
11. wPwVc‡Îi m‡¤^vab capital letters n‡e | My dear Father, The Head master
12. I Øviv Avwg eySv‡j wKsev O-- interjection wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j capital letters n‡e|
Example:- It is I who am your teacher. O my God!
13. A‡PZb e¯‘‡K m‡PZb wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡j capital letters n‡e|
the icy hand?
Example:- O Death! Where is
14. mswÿß bv‡gi e¨env‡i capital letters n‡e| MA, BA, USA.
15. ag© I m¤úª`v‡qi bv‡g capital letters n‡e| The Muslim. The Hindus.
16. RvZx I fvlvi bv‡g capital letters n‡e| We are Bangladeshi. We know English.
Now practice more from your books
Facilitated By:- Nazrul Islam Hossainy
page No. 06
For developing Oral Skill
Making Sentence By using “Do”
Do Form
I do
I don’t do
Do I do?
Don’t I do?
What I do ?
What don’t I do?
When do I do?
When don’t I do?
Where do I do ?
Where don’t I do ?
Why do I do?
Why don’t I do?
How do I do ?
How don’t I do?
Whom do I do?
Whom don’t I do?
Who does?
Who doesn’t do?
Who do?
Who don’t do?
Which---do I do?
Which---don’t I do?
Whose --–do I do?
Whose ---don’t I do?
evsjv A_©
Avwg Kwi
Avwg Kwi bv
Avwg wK Kwi?
Avwg wK Kwi bv ?
Avwg Kx Kwi?
Avwg Kx Kwi bv ?
Avwg KLb Kwi?
Avwg KLb Kwi bv?
Avwg †Kv_vq Kwi?
Avwg †Kv_vq Kwi bv ?
Avwg †Kb Kwi?
Avwg †Kb Kwi bv ?
Avwg wKfv‡e Kwi?
Avwg wKfv‡e Kwi bv?
Avwg Kv‡K Kwi?
Avwg Kv‡K Kwi bv ?
†K ( 3rd person) K‡i?
†K ( 3rd person) K‡i bv ?
‡K ( 1st& 2nd person) K‡i?
†K K‡i bv ?
†Kvb (wRwbm ) Avwg Kwi ?
‡Kvb ( wRwbm ) Avwg Kwi bv ?
Kvi (wRwbm) Avwg Kwi?
Kvi (wRwbm ) Avwg Kwi bv ?
µgt-What—when—where--why--how--whom--who--who--which--whose. Gevi do Gi ¯’‡j †h †Kvb verb
emvI Ges ïb¨ ¯’v‡b noun emvI | e¨vm A‡bK evK¨ n‡q hv‡e \ ‡hgbt- Verb = drive, noun = car ,
myZivs I do= I drive. Which---do I do? Which car do I drive? Tense/voice /mood cwieZ©b K‡i
Gfv‡e 11520 wU evK¨ evbv‡Z cvi†e |
Exercise for oral practice
(Target time 10 seconds)
Verbs
Teach
Give
Take
Cover
Drive
Carry
Write
Open
Grass
Carry
Ring
Recite
Post
Draw
Catch
Tell
Sell
Touch
Light
Brass
Receive
objects
Grammar
book
Pen
computer
Car
Bag
Story
Account
Cow
Luggage
Bell
Poem
letter
picture
Fishes
Story
Mangoes
Head
Candle
Teeth
Money
Prepared by: Nazrul Islam Hossainy
Now Join in the discussion with Ts/Ss
page No. 07
How to form long sentences
( This note is only for the weak students )
bx‡Pi jvBbwU gyL¯Í Ki t-
†K + verb+ wK + Kv‡K (Kvi Rb¨ /Kvi KvQ †_‡K) + place + time + how
wb‡Pi eo evK¨wU co ai; G†K Bs‡iR x†Z cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e -
MZKvj mܨvq Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi evox‡Z Zvi evevi eÜy Avgvi †QvU fvB‡K bM` GK
nvRvi UvKv w`‡qwQ‡jb|
1. cÖ_‡g evK¨wU n‡Z wµqv c` †ei Ki | (evsjv ev‡K¨ wµqvc` mvavibZ †k‡l _v‡K)
2.
Zvici evK¨wU‡K Dc‡iv³ Structure G †dj |
A_©vr wbgœwjwLZ avc Abymib Ki Ges †QvU †QvU Bs‡iRx evK¨ evwb‡q †dj |
G ev‡K¨ wµqvc` nj =w`‡qwQ‡jb
†`Iqv k‡ãi AZxZ Kvj | GB w`qvwQ‡jb wµqvwU‡K
KviK
wbY©‡qi gZ Dc‡ii cÖ`Ë ev‡·i cÖkœ¸wj Kwi Ges hvi DËi †ei Kwi‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb ? DËi t-Zvi evevi eÜz
hvi Bs‡iRx n‡jv = His father’s friend .
wK w`‡qwQ‡jb ? DËi:-GK nvRvi UvKv ,
hvi Bs‡iRx n‡jv = one thousand taka
Kv‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb ? DËi n‡jv- Avgvi †QvU fvB‡K,
hvi Bs‡iRx n‡jv =. to my younger brother
†Kv_vq w`‡qwQ‡jb ? (place) DËi n‡jv- Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi evox‡Z; hvi Bs‡iRx n‡jv=.in our village
house
KLb w`‡qwQ‡jb ? (time ) hvi DËi n‡jv- MZKvj mܨvq,hvi Bs‡iRx n‡jv=. yesterday evening
wKfv‡e w`‡qwQ‡jb (how) hvi DËi n‡jv- bM` w`‡jb ,
hvi Bs‡iRx n‡jv= in cash
AZGe D³ structure e¨envi K‡i evK¨wU‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡j cvB
His father’s friend (‡K ) gave ( verb ) one thousand taka (wK ) to my younger brother (Kv‡K ) in
our village house ( place) in yesterday evening (time ) in cash (how )
Gevi wb‡Pi evK¨ ¸‡jv‡K Bs‡iR x†Z cwiYZ Kwievi †Póv Kit
1| MZ GwcÖj gv‡m 10g †kªbxi QvÎxiv
3wU eo ev‡m K‡i K·evRvi eb‡fvR‡b wMqvwQj|
2| Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi evoxi cyKz‡i MZ eQi Avgiv A‡bK gvQ awiqvwQjvg|
3| gvmyg Zvi we‡`kx evÜex †ewK †K Zvi bvbvi evox gvKi ‡Lvjvq wbqvwQj|
4| MZKvj Avgvi evevi eÜz Rbve ingvb ¯‹qvi nvmcvZv‡j wPwKrmvi Rb¨ fwZ© nBqvwQ‡jb&|
5| AvMvgx eQi Avgiv we`¨vjq nB‡Z ev‡m Kwiqv gqbvgwZ ågb Kwi‡Z hvBe|
6| Rbve Kvgvj Avgvi evevi wbKU nB‡Z MZ †mvgevi GKwU 1000 UvKvi †bvU avi KwiqvwQ‡jb|
7| †Zvgvi wPwVLvbv Avwg WvKwcqb nB‡Z MZKvj cvBqvwQ|
8| wPwV‡Z Zzwg Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi evwoi weeib Rvwb‡Z PvwnqvQ||
9| Avwg Avgvi evevi wbKU nB‡Z Avgvi wZb eÜy mn Avgv‡`i bvbvi evwo‡Z †eovB‡Z hvBevi
AbygwZ cvBqvwQ|
10| 1990 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡mi wZb ZvwiL mܨv mvZ Uvq Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi evoxi ˆeVK N‡ii GK
‡Kvbvq Avgvi evevi me‡P‡q Nwbô eÜzi eo †Q‡j Rwgi DwÏb Avgvi †QvU PvPvi wØZxq †Q‡j
kwdK Dwχbi eÜzi fvB iwdK Dwχbi wbKU nB‡Z cÖwZwU 10j¶ UvKvi mvZ Lvbv †PK wZb nvRvi
UvKvi óv‡¤úi Pzw³i gva¨‡g MÖnb KwiqvwQ‡jb |
Prepared by: Nazrul Islam Hossainy
Now join in the discussion
page No. 08
A peculiar note on Tense
( in details)
Present Indefinite Tense
(sub: +v (present form)+ object,
S+ am/is/ are/ have/ has +object)
Uses
Examples
Universal truth,
1. Masum lives in Makorkhola.
regular matter,
2. She gets up every day at 8.00 o’clock.
habitual facts
3. He drinks milk every night.
4. Ice floats on water.
Define words:5. Mitu usually goes to office by C.N.G.
sometimes, generally, usually,
6. I occasionally visit National Botanical Garden.
occasionally, normally, time to time,
7. I wash my cloths on Friday.
often.
Near future,
8. He starts for Dhaka next week.
substitute future
9. Mr. Secretary visits America in November next.
10. It re opens in January.
11. The examination commences in the 15 th January.
Define words :
12. I will wait for you until you come back.
Till, until, before, after, as soon as,
13. If you come, I will go with you.
conditional speech, 1st condition.
14. She will get up before the clock strikes five.
Post historical matter
15. Akbar receives the message and hurries to the capital.
16. Niazi nervously takes the pen and after some hesitation signs the
document.
To code, to say others speech
17. Byron says, “Conscience is the oracle of God.”
18. John Keats said , “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”
All Imperative sentences
19. March on.
20. Keep silent.
Giving an instruction
21. When painting new plaster-board, first make sure it’s perfectly
smooth, then apply one coat of acrylic sealer, wait for several hours,
and then apply one or two overcoats.
Giving commentary
22. Meradonna comes up from behind, passes Balic, avoids
Danilove, rushes down field and kicks then makes a magnificent
goal.
Reporting something
23. Your brother tells me that you have bought a new car.
24. They say that the forests in South America are spectacular.
All kinds of Proverbs
25. God helps those who help themselves.
26. Honesty is the best policy.
Exceptional:-see, feel, agree, sit, appear,
27. I see a bird.
love, like , hope, Recognize, believe, test,
28. I hear his footsteps.
realize, imagine, marriage, divorce, want
29. Sakina Begum feels out of sorts.
30. Abdul Quddus seems nervous.
31. I hope your are well.
32.He loves his mother very much .
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Happening regularly,
define words:now, these day, at the moment
Substitute of future,
near future
Irritating matters,
sub+ am/is/are+ verb + ing+…… )
1. I am spending a lot of money these days.
2. He is looking for a job at the moment.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I am visiting my parents next week.
My uncle is arriving tomorrow.
We are moving to our new house soon.
He is always complaining me
7. My car is always breaking down.
8. I am always forgetting my handkerchief.
Page 09
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
( Sub+ have/has +(V3)past participle of verb)
Result is present
1.I have paid my duties.
2. Salina has got married.
3. I have received my books.
4.We have learnt the page .
1. I will go there after I have finished the work.
2. She will phone you as soon as she has completed
her home works.
Define words;
3. We have already discussed the matter.
Already, recently, just, just now, yet. 4. I have not had breakfast yet.
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
( Sub+ To be(was/were) To have(had) + verb(past form)
Discus mater, as if ,by the by,
1 I received her letter yesterday.
it is time, yesterday, ago, past time
2.He came home yesterday.
3.It is time you started the work.
4. I wish I knew it earlier.
5. He talks as if he knew the everything.
6.I finished the work last Monday.
Past habitual matter ,
6.He used to walk in the morning.
could, would
7.She would keep late hours while she was a student.
8.Could you tell me the way of post office?
9.I hope you would be kind enough to grant me .
10.Was this the way you wanted to treat me?
Define words:11. While they danced , we sang.
while,
12. She watched TV while he read the news paper.
Second condition
13. If it rained, Mina would not come.
14.If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
Past Perfect Tense
( Sub+ had+ verb (past participle)
Both Action is completed; the first is
1. He had left before I came.
past perfect and the other is simple past 2. The train started after I had reached the station.
tense.
3. He had done the sum before the teacher came
4.He did the sum after the teacher had come
5. The patient had died before the doctor came
6. The patient died after the doctor had come
7. The doctor came after the patient had died.
No sooner,
3. No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.
scarcely.
4. Scarcely had the police arrived at the spot when he ran away.
Future Perfect Tense
(sub+ shall have/will have+ verb (past participle)
Any action should be completed before 1. They will have built the house by 2008.
target.
2. Father will have arrived in Dhaka by 9a.m.
3.By the end of the summer ,he will have completed
his house
Guess
4. You will have heard the name of Mohshin.
5. She will have got the letter.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Time delay in future.
(sub+ shall have been /will have been +verb + ing…. )
1. By next July we shall have been living here for five years.
Facilitated by:- Nazrul Islam Hossainy
Page no 10
Conjugation of verbs
Person
First
Second
Third
Present Indefinite Tense (Verb to Be)
S+ am/is/are + obj
Singular form
Plural form
Sentences
*****
Person
Sentences
Affirmative
*****
First
Affirmative
Negative
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
*****
Second
Affirmative
Negative
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
*****
Third
Affirmative
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
*****
*****
*****
Negative
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative
Present Indefinite Tense
(Verb to have): S+ have/has+v3+obj
Person
First
Second
Third
Singular form
Sentences
*****
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Person
First
Second
Third
Plural form
Sentences
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
Negative
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative
*****
*****
*****
Present Indefinite Tense (with P. Verb
Person
First
Second
Third
(Any P/V; e.g. Go, Do, teach. learn, help,---)
Singular form
Plural form
Sentences
*****
Person
Sentences
Affirmative
*****
First
Affirmative
Negative
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
*****
Second
Affirmative
Negative
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
*****
Third
Affirmative
Negative
*****
Negative
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative
*****
*****
Page no.11
Conjugation of verbs
Person
First
Second
Third
Past Indefinite Tense
(Any P/V; e.g. Go, Do, teach. learn, help,---)
Singular form
Plural form
Sentences
*****
Person
Sentences
Affirmative
*****
First
Affirmative
Negative
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
*****
Second
Affirmative
Negative
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
Affirmative
*****
Third
Affirmative
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
*****
*****
*****
Negative
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative
Conjugation of verb
Past continuous Tense (Any P/V; e.g. Go, Do, teach. learn, help,---)
Singular form
Plural form
Person
Sentences
*****
Person
Sentences
*****
First
Affirmative
*****
First
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
*****
Second
Affirmative
*****
Second
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
*****
Third
Affirmative
*****
Third
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Negative
Interrogative
Neg-Interrogative
*****
*****
*****
Conjugation of verb
Past Perfect Tense (Any P/V; e.g. Go, Do, teach. learn, help,---)
Singular form
Plural form
Person
Sentences
*****
Person
Sentences
*****
First
Affirmative
*****
First
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
*****
Second
Affirmative
*****
Second
Affirmative
*****
Negative
*****
Negative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Interrogative
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
*****
Third
Affirmative
*****
Third
Affirmative
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
*****
Negative
Interrogative
*****
*****
Neg-Interrogative *****
Neg-Interrogative
*****
Now discuss with your partners
Page 12
Word Order in English Sentences
In English language there are no different forms for subjects and objects. To keep subject and object apart,
however we have to stick the word order.
Word order in Positive Sentences
For the beginning remember the simple rules;
subject
verb(s)
object
I speak
English
I can speak English.
Now arrange the words to make affirmative sentence
1. like/he/you … 2.English/i/speak …. 3.hates/pigeons/he … 4.they/song/a/song 5.you/see/can/me …
6.feed/you/my/cat/can
…
7.buy/milk/he/wants/to
…..8.must/the/book/you9.
a/sister/has/dog/my
….10.we/flowers/sell
For the more advance learners; remember the following rule;
subject
verb(s)
indirect object direct object place time
I
will tell you
the story at the school
tomorrow
Exercises: Now arrange the words to make affirmative sentences and place and also the time expression
at the end of the sentences.
1.go/now/home/will…2.give/the
present/tomorrow/we/him/will…3.was/last/week/he/in
hospital….
4.must/at/one o’clock//leave/we/the/school. 5.mymum/breakfast/in the morning/made…6.her/met/last
night/at/we/the station. 7.tonight/want/ to the cinema/
/to go we. 8. Wrote/last week/they/at school//a test.
Word Order in Negative Sentences
The word order in negative sentences in the same as the affirmative sentences .Note however that in negative
sentences we usually need an auxiliary verb.
subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object place time
I
will not tell you the story at the school tomorrow
Exercises: Now arrange the words to make negative sentences and place and also the time expression at
the end of the sentences.
1.our holiday/will/at home/we/not/spent/next day….2.did /I /him/see/not/last night/at the disco….
3.to a party/not/we/tonight/going/are…4.will/a letter//not/next week/send/you/she… 5.eat/in winter/icecream/do/not/I….6.right now/have/not/we/time/do….
Word Order in Subordinate clauses
In subordinate clauses the word order is the same as in simple affirmative sentences .Note however that
conjunction used between two clauses.
Conjunction subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object place time
I
will not tell you the story at the school today
because
I
don’t have
enough
time .
Exercises: Complete the sentences with the words in the bracket and place and also the time expression at
the end of the sentences
(1) I can’t talk to you because (time/don’t/have/I/now) 2.She is in great form because (every week/goes/
she/to the gym)3.I think (likes/mina/you)4.We are glad that(at home/did not leave/we/our umbrella)
5.They told him that (wanted to play /they/tennis)
Position of Time Expressions (e.g.: recently, now, then, yesterday):- Adverb of time are usually put at the
end of the sentence.
Subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object time
I
will tell you the story
tomorrow.
If you do not want to put emphasis on the time ,you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the
sentence.
Time
subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object
Tomorrow
I
will tell you
the story
Note that some time expression are adverbs of frequency (always, never, usually,) are usually put before the
main verb (except for “be “ as a main verb.(see also position of adverbs)
subject Auxiliary /be adverb main verb object place or time
I
often
go swimming in the
evening.
We
are
usually
here in
summer
Exercises:
Decide where to place the time expressions ( The sentences are similar to allow you to concentrate on the
time expression)
1.
O:- We went to the market yesterday.
Page 13
O:- We went yesterday to the market.
Both sentences are correct.
2. O:-Next Tuesday I will go to the bazar.
O:- I will go to the Bazar next Tuesday.
Both sentences are correct.
3. O:- I seldom am at the cinema.
O:- I am seldom at the cinema.
Both sentences are correct.
4. O:-I donor go to the cinema every week.
O:- I donor go every week to the cinema.
Both sentences are correct.
5. O:- They never go to the cinema.
O:- They go to cinema never.
Both sentences are correct.
Position of Adverbs
Adverb of Manner (e.g. slowly, carefully, awfully):These adverbs are put behind the direct object (or behind the verbs if there is no direct object)
Subject
verb(s)
direct object
adverb
I
drove
the car
carefully.
Exercises:- Rewrite the sentences and put the adverb in correctly
1.She speaks (slowly)
2. They sang (wonderfully)…3.Beky speaks English (well)…4.She hurts her leg
(badly)….5. The dog barks loudly…
Adverb of Place. (e.g. here, there, behind, above):These adverbs are put behind the direct object or verbs like adverb of manner.
Subject
verb(s)
direct object
adverb
I
didn’t see
her
here.
Exercises:- make sentences and put the adverb in correctly behind the verbs.
1.is /over there /the cinema. (2) inside/go/let’s. (3) The bath room/ is /upstairs.
Adverb of Time. (e.g. recently, now. then. yesterday.):Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the sentence.
Subject
verb(s)
indirect object direct object time
I
will tell
you the
story tomorrow.
If you want to put emphasis on the time ,you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the sentence.
Time
Subject
verb(s)
indirect object direct object
Tomorrow
I
will tell
you the
story
Exercises:- Arrange the words to make sentences .Place time expression at the end of the sentences.
1.Haven’t /recently/seen/I/him. 2.I’ll /you/see/soon. 3.help/ immediately/ I/need. 4.?/now/are/where/you. 5.
hasn’t /won/lately/my team.
Adverb of Frequency. (e.g. always, regularly, never, seldom, usually .):Adverbs of frequency used directly before the main verb.
Subject
auxiliary/be adverb main verb(s) object, place or time.
I
don’t
always
play
football.
Exercises:-Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in correctly.
1.I have been to London(often)…2.Have you been England?(ever)..3.She will see him (really) 4. He plays golf
on Sunday(sometimes)5. It rains in Dubai(seldom)
Word order in Questions
In questions ,the word order subject-verb-object is the same as in affirmative sentence .The only thing that
different is that you usually have to put the auxiliary verb before the subject. Interrogatives are put at beginning
of the sentence.
Interrogative
auxiliary/be adverb subject other verb(s) object adverbs.
Why
do you
play
football in the morning.
Exercise:-Arrange the words to make questions.
1.do/a dog/you/have…..;
2.you/coffee/like/do…
3.english/he/speaks/does…4.she/Australia/from/is….
5.he/dance/can…. 6. I do like the lemon ------You don’t use an auxiliary verb if you ask for the subject. In this case the interrogative simply takes the place of
the subject.
Interrogative
verb(s)
object
Who
asked
you?
Exercise:-
Ask for the subject (in Bold print) .Use who (for the people) what (for everything else).
1. Beaky speaks English. 2.Tandulkar plays the foot ball. 3. Bill is from England.
4. Our room is second floor. 5. My dress is blue? 6.You will meet them next week.
Page 14
Word Order in English Sentences
In English language there are no deferent forms for subjects and objects. To keep subject and object apart,
however we have to stick the word order.
Word order in Positive Sentences
For the beginning remember the simple rules;
subject
verb(s)
object
I
speak
English
I
can speak English.
Now arrange the words to make affirmative sentence
1. like/he/you … 2.English/i/speak …. 3.hates/pigeons/he … 4.they/song/a/song 5.you/see/can/me …
6.feed/you/my/cat/can … 7.buy/milk/he/wants/to …..8.must/the/book/you
9. a/sister/has/dog/my ….10.we/flowers/sell
For the more advance learners; remember the following rule;
subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object place time
I
will tell you
the story at the school
tomorrow
Exercises: Now arrange the words to make affirmative sentences and place and also the time expression
at the end of the sentences.
1.go/now/home/will…2.give/thepresent/tomorrow/we/him/will…3.was/last/week/he/inhospital….4.must/at/on
e o’clock//leave/we/the/school. 5.mymum/breakfast/in the morning/made…6.her/met/last night/at/we/the
station. 7.tonight/want/ to the cinema//to go we. 8. Wrote/last week/they/at school//a test.
Word Order in Negative Sentences:
The word order in negative sentences in the same as the affirmative sentences .Note however that in negative
sentences we usually need an auxiliary verb.
subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object place time
I
will not tell you the story at the school tomorrow
Exercises: Now arrange the words to make negative sentences and place and also the time expression at
the end of the sentences.
1.our holiday/will/at home/we/not/spent/next day….2.did /i/him/see/not/last night/at the disco….3.to a
party/not/we/tonight/going/are…4.will/a
letter//not/next
week/send/you/she…5.eat/in
winter/icecream/do/not/I….6.right now/have/not/we/time/do….
Word Order in Subordinate clauses :
In subordinate clauses the word order is the same as in simple affirmative sentences .Note however that
conjunction used between two clauses.
Conjunction subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object place time
I
will not tell you the story at the school today
because
I
don’t have
enough
time .
Exercises: Complete the sentences with the words in the bracket and place and also the time expression at
the end of the sentences
(1) I can’t talk to you because (time/don’t/have/I/now) 2.She is in great form because (every
week/goes/she/to the gym)3.I think (likes/mina/you)4.We are glad that(at home/did not leave/we/our
umbrella)5.They told him that (wanted to play /they/tennis)
Position of Time Expressions (e.g. recently, now, then, yesterday):Adverb of time are usually put at the end of the sentence.
subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object time
I
will tell you the story
tomorrow.
If you don’t want to put emphasis on the time ,you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the
sentence.
Time
subject
verb(s) indirect object direct object
tomorrow
I
will tell you
the story
Note that some time expression are adverbs of frequency (always, never, usually,) are usually put before the
main verb (except for “be “ as a main verb.(see also position of adverbs)
subject Auxiliary /be adverb main verb object place or time
I
often
go swimming in the
evening.
We
are
usually
here in
summer
Exercises:
Decide where to place the time expressions ( The sentences are similar to allow you to concentrate on the
time expression)
1.
O:- We went to the market yesterday.
O;-We went yesterday to the market:Both sentences are correct.
Page 15
2. O:-Next Tuesday I will go to the bazar.
O:- I will go to the Bazar next Tuesday.
Both sentences are correct.
3. O:- I seldom am at the cinema.
O:- I am seldom at the cinema.
Both sentences are correct.
4. O:-I don’t go to the cinema every week.
O:- I don’t go every week to the cinema.
Both sentences are correct.
5. O:- They never go to the cinema.
O:- They go to cinema never.
Both sentences are correct.
Position of Adverbs
Adverb of Manner (e.g. slowly, carefully, awfully):These adverbs are put behind the direct object (or behind the verbs if there is no direct object)
Subject
verb(s)
direct object
adverb
I
drove
the car
carefully.
Exercises:- Rewrite the sentences and put the adverb in correctly
1.She speaks (slowly)
2. They sang (wonderfully)…3.Beky speaks English (well)…4.She hurts her leg
(badly)….5. The dog barks loudly…
Adverb of Place. (e.g. .here, there, behind, above):These adverbs are put behind the direct object or verbs like adverb of manner.
Subject
verb(s)
direct object
adverb
I
didn’t see
her
here.
Exercises:- make sentences and put the adverb in correctly behind the verbs.
1.is /over there /the cinema. (2) inside/go/let’s. (3) The bath room/ is /upstairs.
Adverb of Time. (e.g. recently, now. then. yesterday.):Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the sentence.
Subject
verb(s)
indirect object direct object time
I
will tell
you the
story tomorrow.
If you want to put emphasis on the time ,you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the sentence.
Time
Subject
verb(s)
indirect object direct object
Tomorrow
I
will tell
you the
story
Exercises:- Arrange the words to make sentences .Place time expression at the end of the sentences.
1.Haven’t /recently/seen/I/him.
2.I’ll /you/see/soon. 3.help/emmediately/I/need. 4.?/now/are/where/you. 5.
hasn’t /won/lately/my team.
Adverb of Frequency. (e.g. always, regularly, never, seldom, usually
Adverbs of frequency used directly before the main verb.
Subject
auxiliary/be adverb main verb(s) object, place or time.
I
don’t
always
play
football.
Exercises:-Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in correctly.
1.I have been to London(often)…2.Have you been England?(ever)..3.She will see him (rarely) 4. He plays golf
on Sunday(sometimes)5. It rains in Dubai(seldom)
Word order in Questions :In questions ,the word order subject-verb-object is the same as in affirmative sentence .The only thing that
different is that you usually have to put the auxiliary verb before the subject. Interrogatives are put at beginning
of the sentence.
Interrogative
auxiliary/be adverb subject other verb(s) object adverbs.
Why
do you
play
football in the morning.
Exercise:-Arrange the words to make questions.
1.do/a dog/you/have…..2.you/coffe/like/do…3.english/he/speaks/does…
4.she/Australia/from/is….5.he/dance/can….
You don’t use an auxiliary verb if you ask for the subject. In this case the interrogative simply takes the place of
the subject.
Interrogative
verb(s)
object
Who
asked
you?
Exercise:-
Ask for the subject (in Bold print) .Use who (for the people) what (for everything else).
1. Beaky speaks English. 2. Tandulkar plays the foot ball. 3. Bill is from England.
4. Our room is second floor. 5. My dress is blue? 6.You will meet them next week.
Prepared by: Nazrul Islam Hossainy
Page 16
Textual Structures (Joining Sentences/Completing/Matching)
1. The use of going to +Verb
(Text ref. Making things Lesson 1)
wbKU fwel¨Z Kvj eySv‡Z (wbwðZ n‡eB Ggb ) Auxiliary verb wnmv‡e shall / will Gi cwie‡Z© going to +
verb e¨eüZ nq | †hgbt- †m bZzb ¯‹z‡j bZzb K¬vk ïi“ Ki‡e | GLv‡b †m †h bZzb K¬vk ïi“ Ki‡e GUv wbwðZ |
evK¨wU future tense Ges wbqg Abyhvhx He will start a new class----- nevi K_v | will Gi cwie‡Z© going to
emv‡j sentence wU n‡e
Examples:- He is going to start a new class at new school. ( Start = verb) 1. I am going to make a cup of tea. 2.
She is going to write a letter to her father. 3. Anwar is going to join class 8 at Nurpur High School. 4. Who is
going to help you? 5.I am going to start a new business.
Exercise for yourself (A) Using going to instead of shall /will reform the answer of that sentences. 1.Q:- Where
is Anwar going to walk today? Ans:- to his new school. 2. Who is Anwar going to meet this morning? Ans:- The
head master.3. Which class is Anwar going to join this year? Ans:- Class eight.
(B) Now replace shall /will in the following sentences by using “going to”
1.I shall write a petition for you. 2. Who will help you at this problem? 3. My father will establish a school next
year. 4. He will join a new school today. 5. I shall meet you tomorrow morning. 6. He will help you. 7. Who will
help you? 8. Mina will make a cake next evening. 9. We shall make a fun with them.10.He will tell us a story.
11. Mr. Matin will complain against us. 11. I will tell you a story tomorrow. 12.They will open a shop in New
market next year. 13.A meeting will be held tomorrow. 14. Dina will make a frock for her sister. 15. He will go to
Barisal tomorrow.
2. So + adjective/adverb+ that + clause (Text reference :-Lesson-8)
G iƒc †h , GZ †h , GZ fvj/Lvivc (we‡klY) †h, (†hgb -†jvKwU GZ `~e©j †h nvuU‡Z cv‡i bv - The man is so
weak that he can not move. ) A‡_© GB Structures wU e¨envi Kiv nq | So Gi ci cÖ‡qvRbxq adjective/adverb
ewm‡q Zvi ci that. emv‡e Ges A_© Abyhvhx /cÖ‡qvRbxq /A_©‡evaK clause wU emv‡e | GLv‡b wb‡Pi
K_vwU †R‡b ivL‡e What is Clause?
A Clause is a part of sentence it has a subject and a verb of its own.
(i) I saw the beggar. (ii) He is begging on the road. evK¨ `ywU‡K †Rvov jvwM‡q wjLv hvq I saw the beggar
who is begging on the road. GLv‡b wØZxq evK¨wU Avi ¯^vaxb iBj bv | Kvib G †¶‡Î evK¨wU Ab¨ ev‡K¨i Ask
we‡kl n‡q †Mj | Zvn‡j ejv hvq :- †h kã mgwó‡Z GKwU Subject GKwU Finite Verb{dvBbvBU fv(i)e} ev
mgvwcKv wµqv ev predicate _v‡K Ges hv GKwU eo ev‡K¨i Ask wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Cluase e‡j | AZGe.
Clause G GKwU Subject GKwU Verb _vK‡e Ges Zv GKwU ev‡K¨i Ask wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e \
Examples:-The seeds are so good (adj) that they grew well.(so +adj +that +clause)
1.(a) The grasshopper was sick. (b) he died.
(a +b):- The grasshopper was so sick that he died.
2.(a) The earth was hard. (b) nothing could grow (a +b) : The earth was so hard that nothing could grow. (a)
The weather was cold. (b) Mr. Ant stayed inside the house. (a +b):- The weather was so cold that Mr. Ant
stayed in the house.
Exercise for yourself
Join the sentences 1. (a) It is very hot. (b) You cannot go out. 2. (a) I am very feeble (b) I cannot walk on foot. 3. (a) The
stone is very heavy. (b) You cannot carry it. 4. (a) The boy is very weak. (b) He cannot move. 5. (a) Mr. Anis is very
good. (b) He cannot take bribe. 6. Mr. Anwar is very honest . (b) He cannot tell a lie. 7. Mr. Anis and his wife built their
house well . (b) It was very comfortable. 8. (a) He runs quickly (b) Nobody can overtake him. 9. (a) He is reading very
silently (b) We cannot hear it 10.They acted very wisely (b) They were rewarded for it. 11. Mina attended school very
regularly. (b) She got a prize. 12. Who rises very early. (b) He can enjoy a long walk in the morning. 13. (a) He is idle
(b) He cannot succeed 14. (a) The tree is tall. (b) I cannot climb it. 15. (a) Jafar is weak. (b) He cannot work.
FRAME THE SENTENCE BY USING:- SO+ ADJECTIVE+ THAT + CLASUE
1. The load/heavy------------------------he /carry 2. The road /slippery-----he/ walk 3. The seeds /good-----they
grow well. 4. The land/fertile/-- - good crops 5. The plants/ thorny ---I pluck /flowers.
3. Use of Neither ---nor .
GUvI bv/ IUvI bv/ G I bq, †mI bq A‡_© wKsev , `ywU e¯‘ ev `y Rb e¨w³i g‡a¨ †KvbwU wKsev †Kn
b‡n eySv‡Z GB Structures wU e¨envi Kiv nq| Neither Gi ci memgq nor . emv‡Z nq | †hgb Kwig †evKv I
bv PvjvK I bv | 1. Kaim is neither foolish nor clever. 2. He is neither old nor young. 3. Neither Karim nor
Rahim came to see me. 4. Mrs. Latifa was neither young nor old. 5. Anwar was neither embarrassed nor shy.
6. It was neither morning nor afternoon. Exercise for yourself
Join the sentences 1.(a)It was not cold. (b) It was not hot. 2. (a)I was not a student . (b)I was not a teacher.
3.(a)Anwar is not grown up. (b) Anwar is not a child. 4. (a)She is not a bad . (b) She is not an excellent. 5.
(a) Bangladesh is not a big country. (b) Bangladesh is small country. MAKE SENTENCES:- 1.Kamaml / his
cousin/the eggs plant(steal) 2. He /young/ old/(to be ) 3. Karim/ Rahim/mischief (to be) 4. Mrs. Rehena Salam
/weak/good . 5. She/home/office. Facilitated by :- Nazrul Islam H. ***********************************