Download Similarities and Differences Among Living Things


All living things…
 Are composed of _______________
▪ These are the basic units of structure and function.
 Maintain balance within themselves, known as
_________________
▪ Internally an organism stays the same even when the outside
atmosphere changes.
 Undergo chemical reactions that power an organism
called _____________________
▪ Living things use energy to grow and develop by the use of
chemical reactions.
 Pass on hereditary information to new organisms through
________________.

Only living things will perform or have these
four characteristics.

Nonliving things have no functioning cells,
have no metabolic activity, do not maintain
homeostasis and do not reproduce in any
way.


Even though all living things have
___________, undergo _______________,
maintain____________, and _____________,
there are still many differences between
living things.
We can __________ or group organisms
together based on similarities between these
organisms.
 We group organisms into ______________

All living things can also carry out life
processes
 They may be carried out in different ways
▪ Getting _______ from the environment and breaking
them down for transport
▪ Ingestion, digestion, egestion
▪ Transporting materials throughout organism
▪ Breaking nutrients down to release energy,
______________________________
▪ Combine simple substances to make complex ones,
____________________
▪ Increasing the size or number of cells through
_______________
▪ Removing waste through excretion
▪ Sweating, urination, diffusion, breathing
▪ Responding to internal and external stimuli
▪ Reproducing more of their own species
▪ Asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction

All things (living or nonliving) are made of
atoms
 Atoms are made of 3 subatomic particles

Nucleus of an atom contains
 Protons:
 Neutrons:
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Orbiting around the nucleus of atoms are
______________:

Atoms are the smallest particle that retains
its individual chemical properties
 Density:
 Reactivity:
 Conductivity:
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Atoms create elements
 Periodic table
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Atoms “want” full outer orbital
Ion is an atom with a charge
Atomic number is equal to the number of
protons
Atomic mass is equal to the number of
protons plus the number of neutrons

An isotope is when an atom has a difference
number of neutrons within the nucleus

A radioisotope is the number of neutrons or
protons vary and emit particles
 Radiation
 Can be used for energy or medical uses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNK1mQfNeik

All living things are made of mostly 4 main
elements
 Carbon, ______________, Oxygen and Nitrogen

Elements come together through bonds form
molecules
 Types of bonds: Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic
bonds
 Two types of molecules: Organic and Inorganic
molecules

Ionic Bonds: An electron is lost or gained
(transfer)
 Creates a charge: Protons vs. Electrons

Covalent bonds: 2 or more atoms share
electrons
 2 Hydrogen and Oxygen = water

Metallic bonds: ability of electrons to move
freely between atoms of the same metal
 This allows for electrical conductivity

DO not have BOTH __________ and
hydrogen
 Can have any combination of elements (except

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


both C and H)
Salts and minerals
Acids and bases
Oxygen (
)
Carbon Dioxide (
Water (
)
)
▪ The most abundant substance in any organism

Contain both ___________and ____________

These are the major types of molecules of
life.
 Structural molecules (Make up cell membranes)
 Active molecules (enzymes that carry out
chemical reactions)
 Nucleic Acids, Protein, Lipids, and
Carbohydrates (like glucose, C6H12O6)

Store energy and provide structure in plants
 Starch compound made of glucose molecules.
 Glucose simple molecule that provides energy

Lipids are compounds that store energy and
can act as barriers in membranes
 Oils are lipids that are liquid at room temperature
 Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature

Proteins are organic compounds that
 provide structure in non-plant species
 can be markers or receptor molecules
 carrier molecules in membranes
 serve as enzymes

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Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts


Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions by
lowering the activation energy
Enzymes act on substrates
 The enzyme acts on the substrate at the “active site”
 Shape specific (puzzle pieces)
 They them combine together to form the enzyme-
substrate complex

High temperatures, pH changes, heavy metals,
and viruses can cause enzymes to change their
shape making them less or ineffective
 this is called denaturing

Denaturing enzymes is consequential because
once an enzymes shape is changed it will no
longer function as well or in some cases at all.
 Even if the conditions return to normal the enzymes
cannot change its shape back to what it was. It is a
permanent change
 Eg: High fevers or body temperatures

If temperatures are decreased the enzyme
activity would slow down
 If temperature is returned to normal so does enzyme
activity
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Are organic compounds that contain the
genetic code for an organism
 Building blocks = nucleotides
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DNA = deoxyribose nucleic acid
RNA = ribose nucleic acid

Molecules are constructed by removing a
water molecule

Splitting of a molecule by adding water
 The inverse of dehydration synthesis

A scale that tells you how acidic or basic a
solution is
 Based on hydrogen concentration (
)in
relation to the hydroxide concentration (
)
 Move H+ ions at low pH, more OH– at high pH
▪ Human body pH ~7.4; if altered more than .1 could be
deadly
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
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Chemical formula is ______________
Structure:
Polar molecule
 There is a charge on either side

Properties:
 Polarity make sit a good solvent (dissolve stuff)
 Adhesion: water ability to chemical :stick” to other
molecules
▪ Capillarity – ability to move upward, against gravity
 Cohesion: water is able to “stick” to itself
▪ Rain drops
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Potential energy is stored energy

Kinetic energy is energy in motion

Chemical Change (Reaction) - change the
chemical formulas and the properties have
changed
 Burning wood
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Physical Change (Phase change) – the chemical
formula and properties are still the same, but the
phase of the material has be changed
 Freezing/melting water
 Phases of matter:

Types of chemical reactions:
 Endothermic – heat is absorbed – feels cool
▪ cold pack
 Exothermic – heat is released – feels warm
▪ Hot packs for hands
 Decomposition – large molecules are broken down into
smaller molecules
▪ Hydrogen peroxide on a cut
 Synthesis – smaller molecules are combined to build larger
ones
▪ Making water
 Replacement reactions – molecules are switched
▪ Changing partners
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Dissolving things
Solute: substance that gets dissolved
Solvent: substance that does the dissolving
Solution: solute and Solvent
 No chemical reaction
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Suspension: particles are held up but will
settle out
Colloid: suspension when particles do not
settle out
 gelatin
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Monomer: Simple molecule
 Sugar
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Polymer: more than one monomer
 Starch
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Macromolecule: a very large molecule
 Starch
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Monomers link together and build up through
dehydration synthesis
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Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis
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Monosaccharides: simple sugar
 Glucose, fructose, galactose: -ose
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Disaccharide: 2 sugars
Polysaccharide: many sugars
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We can link organisms that share a similar
“building plan”
 The basic structures and functions in living things
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Simple organisms are just one cell,
_______________________________
Complex organisms consist of billions of cells
 Organisms of more than one cell are known as
_______________________ organisms
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What led to the discovery of the cell?
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Lens
Light Microscope
SEM – Scanning electron microscope
TEM – transmission electron microscope
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13th century – Salvino D’Armate – Italy
 First eye glass – magnification for one eye
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1590’s – Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans
 Dutch spectacle makers
 They put several lens in a tube and saw that what
was near the end of the tube was magnified.
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1665 – Robert Hooke
 Study cork through his microscope
 Names the cell after its cubical appearance
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1675 – Anton van Leauwenhoek – Dutch
 First man to make and use a more modern
microscope
 First to view living cells
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1838 - Matthias Schleiden – German
 Botanist – concluded that all plants were made of cells
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1839 - Theodor Schwann – German
 Best known for cell theory
 Discovered the Schwann cells in the peripheral
nervous system
 Concluded that all animals are made out of cells
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1855 – Rudolf Virchow – German
 Doctor – determined that all cells come from
other cells while he was studying diseases
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Cell Theory was created from the discoveries
of these individuals
Cell theory states that:
 All living things are made of one or more cells
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in
organisms
 Cells come from existing cells
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Cells can vary in size
from 2 meters to 0.2
micrometers
 Most plant cells are 10 –
50 micrometers
 What cell is 2 meters
long?
http://www.bozemanscience.com/why-are-cells-small

Cells can’t be that large
 Surface Area: Volume ratio!!!
▪ 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm = 1 cm3
▪ Volume with 6 cm2
▪ surface area = a 6:1 ratio
▪ 3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm = 9 cm3
▪ Volume with 27 cm2
▪ surface area = a 3:1 ratio
 Food, waste, oxygen, must diffuse throughout a cell
http://www.bozemanscience.com/whyare-cells-small
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Shape is an advantage for cells
 As a cell it is great to be out of shape
▪ Adds surface area
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Shape = function
 White blood cells are the real shape shifters of the
body
▪ they can destroy pathogens or get rid of foreign
materials
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Eukaryotes have
membrane bound
organelles and a
nucleus
 Plants, animals, fungi,
protists are eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes do not
have either
 Bacteria are
prokaryotes
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Six kingdoms
 Bacteria= bacteria, fungi = mushrooms, animalia =
animals, plantae = plants, protista = single celled
organisms, archaea = extremophiles
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Many organisms are made of only one cell
but everything that is living has to have at
least 1.
Cells are made of a jelly like inside
surrounded by a thin _______________.
Most cells have ______________that perform
specific tasks for the cell, like organs in a
body
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The jelly like substances inside the cell is
known as the _____________
It has specialized structures and transports
materials throughout the cell.
Reactions happen there
 Reactions are part of which of the 4 major
characteristics of life?
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Made of different
molecules, are all
different sizes, shapes,
and have different
functions.
They interact to
transport materials, form
energy from nutrients,
build proteins, dispose of
waste and store
information
http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/othershows/videos/assignment-discovery-shortseukaryote-prokaryotes.htm

Large organelle that
controls the cells
metabolism and
_______________________
_______________
 DNA in chromosomes
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The nucleus is like the cell’s
“Control Center” because it
directs the cell’s activities

The storage sacs in the cytoplasm are
vacuoles.
 Can have either useful materials (like food or
water) or ______________ in them.
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Some are specialized to digest food
Some are specialized to get waste out of the
cell
In plants, vacuoles hold lots and lots of water
and are much bigger than in animal cells.
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The cell contains lots of tiny
structures that are important
for making _______________
Some ribosomes are attached
to membranes in the cell
 Nuclear membrane, rough
endoplasmic reticulum
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Others float around in the
________________
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Mitochondria are podshaped structures that
contain special proteins,
known as _____________
used to extract energy from
nutrients
Mitochondria are known as
the
_____________________ of
the cell because they
release most of the cell’s
energy through the life
process:_______________
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Green structures found in plants and some
one-celled organisms are known as
chloroplasts.
They contain green pigment ______________
and capture light energy, which is then used
to produce food for the plant
Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Continuation of the nuclear
membrane that is used to make
lipids and proteins. May have
ribosomes attached

Golgi Apparatus
 Involved in secretion and
intracellular transport
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The cell membrane is a thin outer lining of a
cell.
 It is made of mainly fats (lipids), with some
proteins scattered throughout.
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Function of the membrane:
 Separate the inside of the cell from the outside
 Controlling the transport of materials (like waste)
into and out of the cell
 Recognizing and responding to chemical signals
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Has 4 layers

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Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic




Carboxyl
Glycerol
Glycerol
Carboxyl
http://www.bozemanscience.com/015-cellmembrane
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Lipids = fats
Oil and water?
 Protective barrier

Gated Channels
 Open and close for certain
molecules

Carrier molecules
 Aid in the movement of
materials through the cell
membrane
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Aquaporins
 Allow water to flow through

The cell membrane is made of many smaller
pieces that are held together and are always
in motion
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Cells are organized internally.
Plants, most bacteria, and fungi have a cell
wall outside of the membrane.
 This wall of plant cells is made of a carbohydrate
called cellulose.
 It gives the cell strength and rigidity
 If a plant cell absorbs too much water the
membrane could burst, the cell wall helps to
alleviate this.

A cell needs to gain things from the
atmosphere, it can not be totally separated.
 Water, oxygen, nutrients must pass through the
membrane of the cell
 Waste products must get out of the cell
 Molecules can enter or leave the cell through
either ______________or ___________________

Moving a molecule from an area of low
concentration to an area of high
concentration requires energy
 Like going uphill

Need energy in the form of ATP to transport
molecules
 Desert plants do this to gain water

Example of a concentration gradient in lungs
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Number one active transport
system in the body
 Without it, our response time
would be even slower than it
already is
 Pump moves 3 Na ions out of
the cell and 2 K ions into the
cell against the concentration
gradients
▪ Leads to an electrochemical
gradient across the cell membrane
that is important for nerve
impulses and resulting movement

Two types of proteins that help
 One protein extends through the membrane
 Another protein is imbedded at the glycerol layer

Some act as carrier molecules that allow the
passage of only one type of molecule
 These can open and close to create a bigger gap or
are shaped specifically for that type of molecule
 This type of movement is called facilitated movement

Molecules are always in _______________
 Like bumper cars.

Everything moves until it is evenly
distributed.
 Like a juice. Same amount of flavor everywhere in
the bottle.

When the concentration in one area is higher
than another the molecules will move from
areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration to even out the distribution.
 It requires no outside energy source
▪ Like sledding downhill

One of the most important molecules to
diffuse in and out of the cell is water.
 Without it cannot have homeostasis

Endocytosis
 Cell membrane slowly wraps around a
molecule or another cell and pulls it
inside
▪ White blood cell and bacteria
 Phagocytosis = ingestion of solids into
the cell through endocytosis
 Pinocytosis = the ingestion of liquid
into the cell through endocytosis

Exocytosis
 When a cell membrane gets rid of
waste or protein that has been
packaged by the golgi body by
unwrapping around it

There are both organic and inorganic
substances in cells that are involved in
reactions
 Some molecules are too big to enter the cell
 They are broken down through the process of
_________________________
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Proteins are broken down (digested) into
smaller molecules known as
_______________________________
Starches are digested into
_______________________________
We need to digest things because only the
smaller molecules (amino acids and simple
sugars) can enter a cell or blood vessel

When molecules come together and form
building blocks of compounds that we need
to live.
 This process is known as _____________________

The building blocks are made into complex
things
 Like proteins, starches, DNA…


Not all nutrients are used in building blocks.
Some nutrients are broken down even more
for the energy that is stored in the bonds.
 This process is _____________________________
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
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Some proteins in the cell
membrane can receive
chemical messages from
other cells.
These molecules are
called receptor molecules.
These are how cells
communicate between
themselves.
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Chemicals made in the
endocrine glands,
____________________,
and other chemicals
made by nerve cells are
the communication
between cells in the body
If the hormones/signals
are blocked then
homeostasis can be
affected.
Plants
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large Vacuole
Middle Lamella
Animals
None
None
Lysosomes
None

Cells have specialized structures known as
_________________, undergo special
functions.

We can organize cells into specialized
structures
Complex organisms have several advantages
over simple organisms
The structural organization of organisms is
shaped like a pyramid
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A single cell in a complex
organism cannot
accomplish much.
Cells are grouped into
_____________to expand
their function.
 Example: A single muscle
cell cannot move an
organism but a group of
them can


Different tissues are combined to form an
________________ that performs the life
process.
Several organs can work together to form an
___________________________________
that performs one of the life processes.
▪ Example: The heart is an organ, it pumps blood. The
heart is part of an organ system that transports
materials throughout the body
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Highly complex
They require multiple organs, systems and
complete life processes
All the organs must interact to stay alive

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Have specialized cells
Digestive systems, respiratory system,
circulatory system, excretory system,
movement, coordination, immunity, and
reproduction are all needed
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One-way passage
Mouth, stomach, intestines and other organs
Food enters the body through the mouth,
broken down mechanically by chewing and
chemically by saliva
Moved through the body by muscle contractions
The very small molecules in food can pass
through cell membranes to be used as nutrients
 the rest of the food is eliminated from the body as
waste
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Respiration uses oxygen to break down
molecules (from food) to release energy
The respiratory system exchanges gases
between the blood and the environment
Takes in oxygen for cell respiration and
transfers it to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide – Waste from cell
respiration – from body through the blood
Lungs and nose do most of work
Involves movement of molecules into the cell
and between cells
 Function = transport materials throughout the
body
 Carries digested food and oxygen to the cells
 Carries waste from the cells to the lungs, kidneys
and skin to be excreted
 Blood vessels carry chemical messengers
(hormones) and proteins to attach foreign
substances to give the body immunity
(antibodies)
 Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood


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The removal of waste produces from cells of
the body
Includes lungs, kidneys, and sweat glands in
the skin


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The body moves due to interaction of
muscles and bones
The muscular and skeletal systems work
together to provide movement and support
for the body
Allows body to avoid danger, find food,
mates, and shelter
Nervous system and endocrine system control
coordination of the body’s activities
 The systems work together to send messages to
cells throughout the body
 The nervous system sends signals along nerves
 The glands of the endocrine produce chemical
messengers (hormones) to travel in blood
 The brain and nerves are part of the nervous
system
 The endocrine has glands – pancreas, ovaries,
testes



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The ability to resist disease
White blood cells of the immune system
engulf and destroy invading bacteria or
viruses by digesting them
Others protect the body against specific
foreign invaders



Organisms produce new organisms of the
same kind
Releases sex cells and hormones that are
needed for the creation of offspring and then
its development
Human reproduction allows for sexual (not
asexual) reproduction
 Allows two people to create an offspring that is
not identical to either parent


The organ systems in the body are continuously
interacting
Examples:
 Nutrients from digestive system are transported to
the cells through the circulatory system
 Reproductive system is regulated by hormones from
the endocrine system
 Body temperature drops, nerves in the brain signal
the muscles to shiver, generating warmth
 Blood sugar is constantly regulated by hormones to
keep it balanced.

If one organ system is not working right then
the entire organism could fail.
 Because it is not maintaining homeostasis
 Example: If the heart does not beat correctly, the
cells all throughout the body will not get oxygen
and fail causing death


Single-celled organisms are much less
complex than multicellular organisms
A paramecium is a single celled organism that
uses a food vacuole (organelle) to digest
food. It does the same function as the human
digestive system
Function
Single Cell
Gas Exchange
Cell membrane
Transport of
substances
Nutrition
Cytoplasm
Excretion
Specialized
vacuoles
Cell membrane
Multicellular
Organism
Respiratory
system
Circulatory
system
Digestive
system
Excretory
system

There are major similarities between humans
and other organisms

Examples:
 All organisms are made mostly of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
▪ They form carbohydrates, proteins, and other organic
molecules
Humans are made of different kinds of cells, like
muscle, nerve, and blood cells. These cell types
are the same in other complex organisms.
 The organ systems and physical characteristics
in humans are very similar to other complex
organisms.

 Everything from the earthworm and up has a complex
digestive tract for breaking down food.
 Pig hearts are so similar to humans they can be used
for transplants.


Reproduction is also very similar. Everything
from Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds
reproduce sexually where an egg and a sperm
combine
Humans have the same kind of genetic
information as everything else. Everything
from bacteria on, have DNA as their genetic
material.