Download Chapter 6 fill-in-the Blank

Chapter 6 fill-in-the Blank
1. The _______________ is the simplest collection of matter that is alive. Cell _________________________ is
correlated to cellular function.
2. Scientists can use centrifuges to separate cell organelles. This technique, called _____________
_______________________________, enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles
3. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells consist of _______________________, _________________________,
___________________________, and ____________________________.
4. The __________________ __________________________ is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of
oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.
5. Plasma membranes are comprised of a double layer of ______________________________. The hydrophilic
heads orient themselves to the outside and inside of the membrane, and the _________________________ fatty
acid tails orient themselves towards the inside of the membrane.
6. A eukaryotic cell has internal membranes that partition the cell into ______________________________.
7. Where (within the cell) is most of a cell’s DNA located?
8. What is the membrane that surrounds the nucleus called?
9. Where (within the cell) is ribosomal RNA made?
10. __________________________ are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein. Ribosomes carry out
____________________ ____________________________.
11. _______________ ribosomes are located in the _________________ and synthesize proteins that function within
the cytosol.
12. _____________________ ribosomes are located on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear
envelope. Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins that are inserted into _________________, or exported
(_____________________) from the cell.
13. List the six components of the endomembrane system:
14. List the three major tasks of the endomembrane system:
15. There are two connected regions of ER (_____________________ & ______________________) that differ in
structure and function. _____________ ER looks smooth because it lacks _______________________. Rough
ER looks rough because ________________________ are attached to the outside.
16. Smooth ER is rich in _______________________. Enzymes of smooth ER synthesize _________________,
including oils, phospholipids, and steroids; including the sex hormones.
17. In the smooth ER of the ___________________, enzymes help detoxify poisons and drugs.
18. Muscle cells have a specialized smooth ER that pumps ______________ ions from the cytosol into the ER lumen.
19. Cells that secrete proteins have lots of _______________ ER. An example of this type of cell would be
pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
20. Most secretory polypeptides/proteins are _____________________, proteins to which a carbohydrate is attached.
21. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in the ___________________________.
22. Secretory proteins are packaged into _______________________ ______________________.
23. Rough ER is a ___________________ factory for the cell. Membrane-bound proteins are synthesized directly
into the ER membrane.
24. Enzymes in rough ER also synthesize _________________________ from precursors in the cytosol.
25. List the three functions of the Golgi apparatus:
26. One side of the Golgi apparatus, the _________ face, is located near the ER. The cis face receives material by
fusing with transport vesicles from the ER. The ____________face buds off vesicles that travel to other sites.
27. Golgi enzymes modify the __________________________ portions of glycoproteins.
28. The Golgi sorts and packages materials into __________________ __________________________.
29. Molecular identification tags such as _________________ groups are added to products to aid in sorting.
30. A __________________ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules such as
_______________________, __________________, _______________________, & ___________________.
31. Lysosomal enzymes work best at ________________________ pH.
32. Lysosomes can play a role in recycling the cell’s organelles, a process called __________________________.
33. _________________________ and ___________________________ change energy from one form to another.
34. _______________________ are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that generates __________.
35. ______________________, found in plants and algae, are the sites of _______________________________.
36. Mitochondria and chloroplasts: Are __________ part of the endomembrane system, contain their own
______________, grow and reproduce as semiautonomous organelles, and ___________ within the cell.
37. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that _______________ __________________ from various substrates to oxygen.
A by-product of this process is ___________________ ____________________(H2O2).
38. The __________________________ is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.
39. The cytoskeleton provides mechanical ________________________ to the cell and maintains the cell’s shape,
and also plays a major role in _____________ __________________, including changes in cell location and
limited movements of parts of the cell.
40. The cytoskeleton interacts with ______________ __________________________ to produce motility.
41. List the three types of cytoskeletal fibers:
42. ______________________ are the thickest fibers, and they are constructed of the protein ________________.
43. ____________________________ are responsible for the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
44. Microtubules grow out from a ___________________ near the nucleus. Microtubules grow out from a
__________________ near the nucleus. In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of ______________________,
each with _______ triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring.
45. The movement of _________________ and ___________________ is mediated by microtubule interaction with
motor protein called ______________, which drives the bending movements.
46. Movement uses energy, which is supplied by ____________________.
47. Microfilaments are made from ______________________.
48. In muscle cells, __________________filaments are arranged parallel to one another. Thicker filaments composed
of ___________________ interdigitate with the thinner actin fibers. Muscle _____________________ is caused
by actin:myosin interaction. This takes energy, which is supplied by _____________________.
49. A contracting belt of microfilaments forms a _______________ _____________________ that divides the
cytoplasm of animal cells during cell division.
50. __________________________________-cellular extensions that extend and contract through the reversible
assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments.
51. Intermediate filaments are made from _________________________. Intermediate filaments reinforce cell shape
and fix organelle location.
52. Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are outside the plasma membrane. They include
___________________, _________________________, ________________________________.
53. The _________________ ___________________ is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from
animal cells. It is made of ____________________________.
54. ___________________________________ are channels between adjacent plant cells.
55. Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate _____________________
__________________.The ECM is made up of ______________________.
56. ECM proteins bind to proteins in the plasma membrane called _______________________________.
57. Functions of the ECM include _______________, _________________, and ___________________ regulation.
58. At ________________ ____________________________membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together
preventing leakage of extracellular fluid.
59. _______________________________ (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets. Intermediate
filaments made of ____________________ anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.
60. ______________ ____________________(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent cells.
61. ____________, ______________, _____________ ____________________, and other small molecules can pass
through gap junctions.