Download unit 21 / desktop publishing

I. VOCABULARY
UNIT 9 /CHOSING A PRINTER
Inkjet printer : imprimante à jet d’encre
Laser printer : imprimante laser
Dot-matrix printer : imprimante matricielle
Thermal printer : imprimante thermique
Photosetter : imprimante photo
Impact printer : imprimante avec impact
Plotter : traceur
The stages : les étapes (syn : the steps)
Purpose : objectif, but ( syn : aim, objective)
Since : 1) étant donné que, puisque
2) depuis
suitable : adapté, qui convient
to take into account : tenir compte de
the pins : les aiguilles
nowadays ( = now, today) : de nos jours
draft : brouillon (écrit), esquisse, croquis (dessiné)
drops : gouttes
droplets : goutelettes
nevertheless : néanmoins ( syn : however)
to improve : améliorer, s’améliorer
scalable font : police adaptable, dont la taille peut être modifiée
to emulate : imiter, essayer d’égaler
although : bien que
a drawback : inconvénient, point faible (syn : inconvenient, disadvantage)
a carriage : un chariot, un wagon
to be about to do : être sur le point de faire
a manufacturer : un fabricant
to fire : 1) incendier, mettre le feu
2) licencier, jeter dehors
quiet : calme, silencieux
quite : assez, plutôt
to set fire to something : mettre le feu à
UNIT 13 /OPTICAL BREAKTHROUGH
erasable optical disk : disque optique réinscriptible, réenregistrable
to stamp : poinçonner, graver
masses : des tas de, beaucoup de
to bend (bent-bent) : plier, courber
to fold : plier ( en deux généralement pour une feuillede papier)
besides : en outre
to damage : endommager
shareware : partagiciel
freeware : gratuiciel
CD-R : CD recordable ( = disque compact enregistrable)
CD-RW : CD rewritable ( = disque compact réinscriptible)
Floptical disk : disque optique et magnétique
A drive : un lecteur
The pros and cons : le pour et le contre
Indelible : indélébile
While : alors que / pendant que
Whereas : alors que
UNIT 14 / OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating system : système d’exploitation
A compiler : un compilateur
A spreadsheet :1) un tableau ( e.g. in Excel)
2) un tableur (e.g. Excel)
To boot : initialiser, démarrer
To reboot : redémarrer, relancer
A scroll bar : une barre de défilement
A folder : 1)un dossier
2) un dépliant, une brochure ( also called a flyer in American English)
To set up : installer
A thread : un fil, un fil de discussion
To rescue : sauver, secourir
A rescuer : un sauveteur, un outil de secours
To eradicate : éradiquer
To burn (burnt-burnt) : 1) brûler
2) graver ( un CD)
A ghost : un fantôme
To darken : assombrir >< to lighten : éclaircir
A pattern : un modèle, un motif
To carry on doing : continuer à faire
A print-spooler : un pilote de mise en attente de l’imprimante, un spouleur
To restore : restaurer
To recover : récupérer
Corrupted : corrompu
UNIT 15 / THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
A pull-down menu : un menu déroulant
To scroll : faire défiler
A directory : un répertoire
A wastebasket : une poubelle (US : trash)
A prompt : un message qui apparaît à l’écran
Emphasis : emphase
To emphasize : insister sur
User-friendly : facile à utiliser
Pop-up menu : un menu qui apparaît à l’écran
To pop up : surgir, apparaître soudainement
Library : bibiliothèque
A bookshop : une librairie
To drag : tirer
Nested : gigogne
Nested folders : dossiers imbriqués
Workstation : poste de travail
To release : 1) lancer sur le marché
2) libérer
A release : une version
To alter : altérer, changer
UNIT 20 GRAPHICS AND DESIGN :
Library : bibliothèque ( de formes)
Distort : déformation ( to distort : déformer, altérer)
Rollover : transformation par souris
Preview : prévisualisation
Duplicate : dupliquer, doubler
Scale : échelle
Shade : ombre, nuance
Layer : couche
Colour scheme : famille de couleurs
Two-dimensional / three-dimensional : en 2 dimensions / en 3 dimensions
Filter : filtre
Textures : textures
To rotate : tourner, faire une rotation
To invert : inverser
To magnify : grossir, élargir
A dot : un point
Slanting : créer un effet penché, incliné
To dither : hésiter, se tortiller
The pattern : le modèle , le motif
To blend : mélanger
To scratch : gratter, rayer
From scratch : à partir d’un brouillon, d’une esquisse ou à partir de rien, de zéro
Drawing : dessin
Picture : image
A shape : une forme
UNIT 21 / DESKTOP PUBLISHING
Layout : mise en page, format
Typeface : lettre, caractère
Device : appareil
Imagesetter : flasheur, photocomposeuse
To afford : avoir les moyens de, pouvoir se permettre financièrement
Service bureau : imprimerie, société de traitement à façon
Copy store : centre de photocopies
Imageset output : résultat de la composition, sortie après flashage
A slide : un transparent, une diapositive
Film : film, pellicule
To record : enregistrer
To imprint : imprimer, marquer
Publisher : éditeur
Newsletter : bulletin d’information
Scalable : qui peut être modifié, agrandi, élargi
UNIT 22 / MULTIMEDIA
Cartoons : dessins animés
Obvious : évident
To refer to : faire référence à, se référer à
Entertaining :distrayant, amusant
To entertain : s’amuser, se distraire ( noun : entertainment)
Motion pictures : images animées
It’s much fun = it’s funny : c’est amusant
To interact : agir en interaction (noun : interaction)
To involve : impliquer ( to get involved in : être impliqué dans)
An upgrade kit : un kit de mise à jour
To upgrade (into) : mettre à jour, => to upgrade your PC into a multimedia PC
Main(ly) : essentiel(lement)
The field : le champ
Estate agent : agent immobilier
To grab (to draw) the attention : attirer l’attention
The mood : l’atmosphère, l’humeur
To set the mood : mettre l’ambiance
To underscore = to underline, to highlight
Built-in = included = integrated
An amplifier : un amplificateur
… worth of : cela vaut …
To fit : convenir, s’adapter
Shiny : brillant
Whales : les baleines
A bird ; un oiseau
A plug-in : une extension, un petit programme à charger sur Internet
Movie soundtrack : musique de film
UNIT 25 / THE POSTSCRIPT REVOLUTION
Routine : routine
Subroutine : sous-routine, série d’instructions secondaires
Encapsulated : encapsulé, enfermé dans une capsule
Device : machine, appareil
To witness : être le témoin de
Curve : courbe
The script : le scénario, le script
Film recorder : enregistreur sur (micro)film
Imagesetter : : flasheur, photocomposeuse
Raster : balayage, trame
Raster image processor : processeur d’images graphiques
The layout : la mise en page
Halftone : en demi-teinte
A stack : une pile, un tas
A make : une marque ( syn : a brand, a mark, a trademark)
To spin a disk : faire tourner un disque
UNIT 30 / NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Wireless : sans fil, sans cable
Reluctant : hésitant, pas décidé à
Smart phone : téléphone à puce
Smart card : carte à puce
To hook : accrocher, attacher
A hook : un crochet, une patère
A glove : un gant
To propel : propulser
Sensate : à sensation
A caption : une légende, un sous-titre
To squeeze : comprimer, serrer
A stylus : un stylet
Thin : fin, peu épais
Light : léger
Personal digital assistant ( PDA) : agenda électronique, assistant électronique de poche
To cross out a word : barrer, biffer un mot
Handwriting : l’écriture manuscrite
Hand-written : écrit à la main
A notepad : un carnet de notes
TV remote control : une commande à distance ( à infrarouge)
Palmtops : mini ordinateurs portables
Schedule : horaire ( syn : timetable)
Diary : agenda
3D MODELLING / INTRODUCTION
Vocabulary :
To get started with: débuter, être débutant
3D : three-dimensional or in three dimensions
Path : chemin, tracé
Relationship : relation
Confusing : troublant, trompeur
Still : immobile / still as adverb : encore
Fait de : made up with
At present : currently, for the moment
To bury : enterrer, enfouir, cacher
Radius : rayon
Stone : pierre
Thankfully : heureusement ( syn : fortunately)
To deal with : s’occuper de , traiter
To Click and drag : cliquer - glisser
To get lost : se perdre
To be used to + gerund : être habitué à
To get used to : s’habituer à
Forward : en avant / backward : en arrière / downward …
To lie : être ( couché)
Likewise : de la même manière
To render : rendre
Rendering : le rendu
It’s up to you : c’est de votre ressort, cela dépend de vous
Stages = steps : les étapes, les pas
To suit : convenir à, aller à
! ! To suit their needs ( no preposition)
to tend to : avoir tendance à
the delay : le délai, le retard
modelling ( or modeling in the US) : modélisation, modelage
to split … into : séparer … en
quite : assez, plutôt
the process : le processus, la procédure
wonderful : merveilleux
though : néanmoins, malgré tout
to cast : lancer, jeter, distribuer
field of view : champ de vision
to take into account : tenir compte de
to slow down : ralentir
as late as possible : le plus tard possible
… soon ……
: ….
Tôt ….
High-end : à haute performance, à haut rendu
To airbrush : aérographer, peindre un aérographe
Assuming that : en imaginant que, si l’on définit que
The skill : la capacité, le don
To depend on : dépendre de
Opinion = point of view
Viewpoint : point de vue ( + spatial)
Wide-angle : grand angle
Close-up : plan rapproché, gros plan
To purpose : définir un objectif
! ! ! To re-purpose / to re-use
over and over again : encore et encore
Remarks
Adverbs in –ment in French = adverbs in – ly
Examples : alternatively, gradually, progressively, softly, thankfully, frequently, …
To create one, you just need to add ‘-ly’ to the adjective. If it ends in ‘y’, the ‘y’ is changed into
‘i’ : e.g. easy => easily
excpetions : hard ( hardly has a different meaning), fast, good
II. GRAMMAR
I.
MODAL VERBS
1° ADVICE : SHOULD / OUGHT TO
FORM : - should is followed by the bare infinitive ( without ‘to’) : SHOULD + INF
e.g. : you should work more
you shouldn’t ( or should not) smoke so much
should I stay or should I go ? or ‘ do you think I should stay ?
- ought is followed by the infinitive with ‘to’ : OUGHT TO + INF
e.g. : you ought to work more
you oughtn’t ( ought not) to work more
remark :a) The interrogative form of ‘ought to’ is never used
b) ‘Should’ and ‘ought to’ can also be replaced by ‘had better’
e.g. you’d better work more
you’d better not smoke so much
c) should and ought to keep the same form with all personal pronouns ( I,you, he,…)
USES : all these forms are used to give or ask for advice
2° OBLIGATION : MUST / HAVE TO
FORM : must is followed by the bare infinitive ( without ‘to’) : MUST + INF
e.g. I must work more if I want to succeed
You don’t have to / he doesn’t have to work more.
Do you think I must work more if I want to succeed ? ( ‘Must I’ is not
much used) or ‘Do I have to work more …
! ! ! ! : ‘Mustn’t’ doesn’t have the same meaning. See ‘ Prohibition’
Have to is used with the infinitive (don’t forget the ‘to’ !) : HAVE TO + INF
e.g. I have to analyze this website for tomorrow / he has to …
I don’t have to analyze this website now. It’s for next week / he doesn’t
have to …
Do you have to analyze this website for tomorrow ? / Does he have
to… ?
IMPORTANT : ‘Must’ is only used in the simple present. With other tenses, it is replaced by ‘have to’.
e.g. Yesterday, he had to study for the test
Tomorrow, we’ll have to take a taxi
If he was still at school, he would have to study a lot
(…)
USES : Must is used ( in the present form) for :
1) an internal obligation ( something that you feel inside of you)
e.g. I must eat something. I’m so hungry ( nobody or nothing
obliges to do it)
2) to give an order to someone else
e.g. You must study your lesson. It’s an order !
Have to is used in all other cases, i.e.
1) for an external obligation ( something you’re obliged to do because of some external
circumstances)
e.g. He has to go to the hospital at 5 p.m. His father has no
other means of transport
2) for a general use with all tenses
e.g. We had to change the program. There was no other
solution
3° NECESSITY : NEED
FORMS : Need can be used both as an ordinary verb ( to need = to require) and is
conjugated as ‘to want’ or as a modal verb (and conjugated as ‘should’). Its form normally
varies according to its meaning but in practice, both forms are used whatever the case.
e.g. I need to go to the post office to buy some stamps ( or I need go… but it’s not
often used)
You don’t need to wash the car / you needn’t wash the car ( both forms are
commonly used)
Does he need to take his book for this lesson ? ( Need he… ? is never used)
Remark : in the past, the forms used are
‘ I needed to go to the dentist’
‘ I didn’t need to go to the dentist’
USE : need is used for a neccessity. It’s not really an obligation, it’s less strong
4° PROHIBITION : MUSTN’T
FORM : Mustn’t is a unique form and doesn’t vary. It can only be used in this form in the
Simple Present
e.g. You mustn’t touch this ; it’s very dangerous !
Remark : 1) ‘mustn’t’ can be replaced by ‘not allowed to’ or ‘can’t’ :
e.g. You’re not allowed to smoke here
e.g. You can’t smoke here
2) ‘mustn’t is not the negation of ‘must’ but a prohibition. ‘Needn’t (absence of
necessity) and ‘don’t / doesn’t have to’ ( absence of obligation) can therefore be
considered as the negation of ‘must’
5° PROBABILITY : ‘BE LIKELY TO’
FORM : Be likely to is simply formed with ‘to be’ in the tense and form you desire :
e.g. talking machines are likely to be built soon
it’s likely to rain
This sentence can be replaced by : it’s probable that talking machines will soon be built
USE : it simply expresses a probability
6° POSSIBILITY : MAY / MIGHT / COULD
FORM : may, might and could are followed by the bare infinitive (without ‘to’) as any
other modal verb :
e.g. He may forget to take his umbrella
It might rain this afternoon
Palm computers could replace PCs in a near future
Negative forms are built with ‘not’ after the modal verb
e.g. He may not come to the party
I might not be on time tomorrow. If I’m late, don’t wait for me
Could is seldom used in the negative form because it may be confused with an
absence of capacity
USES: these forms are used to express a possibility and can be replaced by ‘it’s possible that’
II. THE GERUND
1) Form and use :
The gerund has exactly the same form as the present participle : running, sleeping, …
It can be used in the following ways :
a) as a subject : dancing bored him
b) as a complement of a verb ( to be or another verb): her hobby is painting / slanting means
inclining an object
c) after prepositions : he was accused of deserting his ship
d) after some verbs : admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy,
excuse, finish, forgive, hate, imagine, keep, like, miss, postpone, practise, prevent from,
propose, remember, resist, save, start, stop, suggest, understand :
e.g. : I practise swimming every Friday / I can’t understand him leaving his wife / she
detests writing letters / please stop speaking …
e) in noun compounds : a diving board
Remark : When a verb is placed immediately after a preposition, the gerund must be used :
Touch your toes without bending your knees
I’m not keen on gambling
I’m tired of waiting
He’s thinking of emigrating …
III. ARTICLES : ‘A’/ ‘an’ and ‘the’
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE & A/AN
E.g. There was a man talking to a woman outside my house.
The man looked English but I think the woman was foreign.
b) We use a/an when the listener doesn't know which thing we mean.
We use the when it is clear which thing we mean, when it is repeated a second time, with an
adjective or a clause:
Tom sat down on a chair. (we don't know which chair)
Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. (we know which chair, and we usually
use it with complements)
Have you got a car? (not a particular car)
I cleaned the car yesterday. (a particular car, my car)
c) We use a/an with jobs: He is a doctor / I am a student.
d) We also use a/an with expressions:
such a long way / what a great day
1° INDEFINITE ARTICLE : A / AN
 Before a consonant, or a consonant sound, we use a:
a man / a hat / a university / a one-way ticket / a year
 Before a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or a vowel sound, we use an :
an apple / an island / an hour / an LP
 Plural form:
a cat → cats
2° DEFINITE ARTICLE : THE
 Plural form:
the boy → the boys
 USE:
a)
We use the when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a
room we talk about 'the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door / the carpet' etc. Study these
examples:
Can you turn off the light, please? (= the light in this room)
Where is the toilet, please? (= the toilet in this building/house)
The postman was late this morning. (= our usual postman)
I took a taxi to the station. (= the station of that town)
Also:
the police / the bank / the post office / the doctor / the dentist:
b)
We say the ... when there is only one of something:
- superlatives: What is the longest river in the world?
(There is only one longest river in the world.)
- the object is unique: The earth goes round the sun.
(Also: 'the moon / the world / the universe'.)
c)
We say: the sea / the sky / the ground / the countryside / the country
Would you rather live in a town or in the country?
We looked up at all the stars in the sky.
d)
We say the cinema / the theatre / the radio:
- We went to the cinema last night.
Do you often go to the theatre?
But we usually say television (without the):
- We often watch television.
but: Can you turn off the television, please? (= the television set)
Note that when we say 'the cinema / the theatre', we do not necessarily mean one particular
cinema or theatre. We also use the + a singular countable noun when we talk about a type of
machine, an invention etc. For example:
- When was the telephone invented
e) We also use the for musical instruments:
Can you play the guitar? (not 'Can you play guitar?')
 OMISSION:
a)
We don't use the before a noun when we mean something in general:
I love flowers. (not 'the flowers')
(flowers = flowers in general, not a particular group of flowers)
I'm afraid of dogs.
Life has changed a lot since I was a boy. (not 'the life')
I prefer classical music to pop music. (not 'the classical/pop music')
I like football/athletics/skiing/chess.
We say the ... when we mean something in particular:
I like your garden. The flowers are beautiful. (not Flowers are …) (the flowers = the
flowers in your garden, not flowers in general)
- Salt is used to flavour food.
but: Can you pass the salt, please? (= the salt on the table)
- I often listen to music.
but: The film wasn't very good but I liked the music.
(= the music in the film)
-
The difference between 'something in general' and 'something in particular' is not always very
clear. Study these sentences:
Do you like coffee? (= coffee in general)
Do you like strong black coffee?
(not all coffee, but strong black coffee is still a general idea)
b)
Meals: We do not normally use the with the names of meals:
- What time is lunch?
- What did you have for breakfast?
c)
Countries: we do not normally say the with the names of countries.
France not ‘the France’ / Germany / Belgium
but the United States of America / the Netherlands (plural names)
d)
go to / be at: we usually omit the with these verbs:
he is at school / at work
I am going to school / to town / to church / to work
I am going home / I am at home
IV. THE SIMPLE PAST
FORM :
Regular verbs
The simple past tense of regular verbs is formed by adding ‘ed’ to the bare infinitive :
e.g. + ) He worked ( all persons keep the same form)
- ) He didn’t work
? ) Did he work ?
Exceptions :
1) Verbs ending in ‘e’ add ‘d’ only
e.g. love / I loved
2) Verbs in one or two syllables ending with one vowel + one consonant and having
the stress on the last syllable double the last consonant
e.g. stop / stopped
The only exception to that rule is ‘to format’ which has the stress falling on the first
syllable but doubles the last consonat anyway ( formatted)
3) Verbs ending in a consonant +‘y’ become ‘ied’
e.g. carry/ carried
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs don’t follow these rules and have their own affirmative form (see list)
e.g. he saw a nice car in the street ( from the verb ‘to see’)
However their negative and interrogative form stay regular
e.g. He didn’t see a nice car
Did he see a nice car ?
V. MAKING PREDICTIONS : FUTURE SIMPLE / GOING TO / PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1° FUTURE SIMPLE : will or shall
FORM : the forms of the future simple are ‘will’ or ‘shall’ followed by the bare infinitive
Will is used with all personal pronouns
e.g. He will be (or he’ll be) the first to come this afternoon
I won’t ( will not) have time to do it. I’m sorry
Will you come to our party ?
Shall is only used with ‘I’ and ‘we’ and in interrogative propositions. The other forms are oldfashioned and to be avoided
e.g. shall we take a taxi ? or what shall I do with your mail ?
USES : Will is used :
- to express the speaker’s opinion about the future ( with an idea of certainty or probability):
e.g. (I’m sure) he’ll come back
( Perhaps) they’ll sell the house
- to express the speaker’s decision to do something in the future (promises, decisions)
e.g. I won’t give up, I will survive !
- to offer a service or propose something:
e.g. This bag is too heavy. I’ll carry it for you
- to express a future action that you decide at the moment of speaking ( not arranged nor decided
before)
e.g. - This floppy is for Linda.
- Ok, I’ll give it to her
Shall is used :
- to express rules in a formal written way :
e.g. You shall not smoke in the classroom
- to propose something or ask for instruction ( always in the interrogative form)
e.g. It’s hot here ; shall I open the window ?
2° THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS : future arranged activity
FORM : the present continuous is formed with ‘to be’ in the simple present + bare infinitive + ing
( see details in the previous handout)
e.g. He’s arriving at 6 a.m. tomorrow
USES : in addition to its present meaning (see previous handout), the present continuous is used to
express a future planned activity
e.g. I’m playing tennis tonight
She’s leaving for Paris on April, 9th
3° GOING TO
FORM : going to appears in the following structure : ‘to be’ + going to + bare infinitive of the verb
e.g. We’re going to play him a bad trick
What are you going to do when you get your degree ?
I’m not going to be there ; so don’t wait for me
USE : going to is used
- to express the subject’s intention to perform a certain future action. It’s premeditated but not really
arranged as in a ‘future planned activity’ (see above)
e.g. My hands are so dirty. I’m going to wash them
- to express a prediction about the future when the current action allows you to tell what’s going to
happen
e.g. Hey ! Look at the sky ! It’s going to rain .