Download 2009-2010 BIOLOGY C

2009-2010
BIOLOGY
MIDTERM REVIEW
Chapter 1 Science as a Way of Knowing
By applying scientific methodology, biologists can find answers to questions that arise in
the study of life.
1.1 What is Science?
-One goal of science is to provide natural explanations for events in the natural world.
-Science uses explanations to understand patterns to make predictions about events.
-Scientific methodology involves observing and asking questions, making inferences and
forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data,
and drawing conclusions.
Vocab
science (5)
controlled experiment (7)
observation (6)
control group (7)
hypothesis (7)
data (8)
1.2 Science in Context
-Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity help scientists generate new
ideas.
-In science, the word theory applies to a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range
of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions
about new situations.
Vocab
theory (13)
1.3 Studying Life
-Living things are made up of cells, Have DNA/RNA, Use energy, grow and develop,
reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and
change over time.
-The study of biology revolves around several big ideas: the cellular basis of
life; information and heredity; matter and energy; growth, development, and
reproduction; homeostasis; evolution; structure and function; unity and diversity of life;
interdependence in nature; and science as a way of knowing.
-Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments.
Vocab
biology (17)
DNA (18)
homeostasis (19)
stimulus (18)
metabolism (19)
biosphere (21)
Chapter 2 Matter and Energy
Chemical bonds join together the molecules and compounds of life. Water and carbon
compounds play essential roles in organisms, which carry out chemical reactions in their
daily life processes.
2.1 T he Nature of Matter
-The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
-The main types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
Vocab
atom (34)
ionic bond (37)
compound (36)
nucleus (34)
electron (34)
ion (37)
isotope (35)
molecule (37)
element (35)
2.2 Properties of Water
-Water is a polar molecule. Therefore, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which
account for many of its special properties.
-Water’s polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar
molecules.
Vocab
hydrogen bond (41) solution (42)
pH scale (43)
solute (42)
acid (44)
mixture (42)
solvent (42)
base (44)
2.3 Carbon Compounds
-Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur,
and nitrogen to form the molecules of life.
-Living things use carbohydrates as a source of energy..
-Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof coverings.
-Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) store genetic, information.
-Proteins build tissues (bone and muscle). Others transport materials or help to fight
disease.
Vocab
nucleic acid (48)
protein (48)
nucleotide (48)
amino acid (48)
carbohydrate (46)
lipid (47)
2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
-Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
-Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of enzymes.
Vocab
chemical reaction (50)
product (50)
reactant (50)
enzyme (52)
Chapter 3 Matter and Energy, Interdependence in Nature
The biosphere is composed of an ever-changing mix of living and nonliving components.
These components are constantly interacting to form the environments in which
organisms struggle to survive and reproduce.
3.1 W hat Is Ecology?
-Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
-The biological influences on organisms are called biotic factors.
-Physical components of an ecosystem are called abiotic factors.
-Each of these approaches relies on scientific methodology to guide inquiry.
Vocab
biosphere (64)
ecosystem (65)
abiotic factor (66)
species (64)
biome (65)
community (64)
population (64)
biotic factor (66)
ecology (65)
3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers
-Primary producers are the first producers that are later used by other organisms.
-Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called consumers.
Vocab
autotroph (69)
carnivore (71)
consumer (71)
primary producer (69)
herbivore (71)
decomposer (71)
photosynthesis (70)
scavenger (71)
heterotroph (71)
omnivore (71)
3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
-Energy flows through an from primary producers to consumers.
-Pyramids of energy show the amount of energy available at each level of a food chain
-A pyramid of biomass show the relative amount of living matter available at each level
of an ecosystem.
-A pyramid of numbers shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level in
an ecosystem.
Vocab
food chain (73)
trophic level (77)
phytoplankton (73) ecological pyramid (77)
food web (74)
biomass (78)
3.4 Cycles of Matter
-Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
-Water continuously moves between the oceans, the atmosphere, and land
-Every organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out life functions.
-The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are especially critical for life.
-If ample sunlight and water are available, the primary productivity of an ecosystem may
be limited by the availability of nutrients.
Vocab
biogeochemical cycle (79) nutrient (82)
limiting nutrient (85)
Chapter 4 Interdependence in Nature
An organism’s tolerance range for temperature, precipitation, and other abiotic factors
helps determine where it lives. Biotic factors, such as competition, predation, and
herbivory also help to determine an organism’s potential habitat and niche.
4.1 Climate
-A region’s climate is defined by year-after-year patterns of temperature and
precipitation.
-Global climate is shaped by solar energy, latitude, and the transport of heat by winds and
ocean currents.
Vocab
weather (96)
climate (96)
greenhouse effect (97)
4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
-A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and
the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.
-Competition helps determine the number of species in a community
-Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community
-Herbivores can affect both the size and distribution of plant populations in a community
and can determine the places that certain plants can survive and grow.
-Biologists recognize three main classes of symbiotic relationships in nature: mutualism,
parasitism, and commensalism.
Vocab
herbivory (102)
mutualism (103)
resource (100)
habitat (99)
keystone species (103)
predation (102)
niche (100)
commensalism (104)
symbiosis (103)
4.3 Succession
-Ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances, as some species die out and
new species move in.
-Secondary succession in healthy ecosystems following natural disturbances often
reproduces the original climax community.
-Ecosystems may or may not recover from human-caused disturbances.
Vocab
ecological succession (106)
pioneer species (107)
primary succession (106)
secondary succession (107)
4.4 Biomes
-Biomes are described in terms of abiotic factors like climate and soil type, and biotic
factors like plant and animal life.
Vocab
canopy (112)
coniferous (114)
permafrost (115)
deciduous (112)
humus (114)
taiga (114)
4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems
-Aquatic organisms are affected primarily by the water’s depth, temperature, flow, and
amount of dissolved nutrients.
-Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into three main categories: rivers and streams,
lakes and ponds, and freshwater wetlands.
Vocab
wetland (119)
plankton (119)
estuary (119)
Chapter 5 Populations
The way a population changes depends on many things, including its age structure, the
rates at which individuals are added or removed from the population, and factors in the
environment that limit its growth.
5.1 How Populations Grow
-Researchers study populations’ geographic range, density and distribution, growth rate,
and age structure.
-The factors that can affect population size are the birthrate, the death rate, and the rate at
which individuals enter or leave the population.
-Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially.
-Logistic growth occurs when a population’s growth slows and then stops, following a
period of exponential growth.
Vocab
population density (131)
exponential growth (132)
logistic growth (135)
emigration (132)
immigration (132)
carrying capacity (135)
5.2 Limits to Growth
-Limiting factors determine the carrying capacity of an environment.
Vocab
limiting factor (137)
5.3 Human Population Growth
-The human population tends to increase.
-The rate of that increase has changed dramatically over time.
Chapter 6 Interdependence in Nature
Humans affect natural ecological processes through agriculture, urban development, and
industry. But ecological science gives us strategies for sustainable development, ways we
can protect the environment without slowing human progress.
6.1 A Changing Landscape
-Humans affect environments through agriculture, development, and industry in ways
that impact the quality of Earth’s natural resources,
Vocab
nonrenewable resource (157)
renewable resource (157)
6.2 Using Resources Wisely
-Common forms of air pollution include smog, acid rain, greenhouse gases, and
particulates.
Vocab
pollutant (160)
acid rain (164)
6.3 Biodiversity
-Biodiversity’s benefits to society include contributions to medicine and agriculture, and
the provision of ecosystem goods and services.
-Humans reduce biodiversity by altering habitats, hunting, introducing invasive species,
releasing pollution into food webs, and contributing to climate change.
-To conserve biodiversity, we must protect individual species, preserve habitats and
ecosystems, and make certain that human neighbors of protected areas benefit from
participating in conservation efforts.
Vocab
biodiversity (166)
ecosystem diversity (166)
species diversity (166)
6.4 Meeting Ecological Challenges
-We can have a positive impact on the global environment.by :
(1) recognizing a problem in the environment,
(2) researching that problem to determine its cause
(3) using scientific understanding to change our behavior
Vocab
ozone layer (175)
global warming (177)
Chapter 7 Cellular Basis of Life, Homeostasis
Cells are the basic units of life. Their structures are specifically adapted to their function
and the overall goal of maintaining homeostasis. In multicellular organisms, cells
may become specialized to carry out a particular function.
7.1 Life Is Cellular
-The cell theory states that :
(1) all living things are made up of cells
(2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
(3) new cells are produced from existing cells.
-Prokaryotic cells do not separate their genetic material within a nucleus.
-In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell.
Vocab
cell (191)
nucleus (193)
cell membrane (193)
cell theory (191)
eukaryote (193)
prokaryote (193)
7.2 Cell Structure
-The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA and the instructions for making proteins.
-Vacuoles store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
-Lysosomes break down large molecules so that they can be used by the cell.
-The cytoskeleton helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement.
-Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
-Proteins can be made on the rough Endoplasmic reticulum
-The Golgi apparatus then modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other
materials for storage in the cell or release outside the cell.
-Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains
chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
-Mitochondria convert the energy stored in food into energy for the cell to use.
-The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Vocab
cytoplasm (196)
endoplasmic reticulum (200) ribosome (200)
organelle (196)
Golgi apparatus (201)
cell wall (203)
vacuole (198)
chloroplast (202)
centriole (199)
lysosome (198)
mitochondrion (202)
lipid bilayer (204)
7.3 Cell Transport
-Passive transport (including diffusion and osmosis) is the movement of materials
without using energy.
-The movement of materials using energy is known as active transport.
Vocab
diffusion (208)
isotonic (210)
osmosis (210)
hypertonic (210)
hypotonic (210)
osmotic pressure (211)
7.4 Homeostasis and Cells
-The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and
communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis.
Vocab
homeostasis (214)
organ system (216) organ (216)
tissue (216)
Chapter 8 Cellular Basis of Life
Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical
energy that all organisms can use directly, or indirectly, to carry out life functions.
8.1 Energy and Life
-ATP can release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between
its phosphate groups.
-ATP is useful as a basic energy source for all cells.
-In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into chemical energy
Vocab
adenosine triphosphate autotroph (ATP) (228)
heterotroph (228)
photosynthesis (228)
8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
-Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments.
-Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide
(reactants) into glucose sugars and oxygen (products).
Vocab
pigment (230)
light-dependent reactions (233)
chlorophyll (230)
NADP+ (232)
thylakoid (231)
light-independent reactions (233)
stroma (231)
8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis
-The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and
NADP+ into ATP and NADPH.
-During the light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH are used to produce sugars.
-Important factors that affect photosynthesis are temperature, light intensity, and water.
Vocab
Calvin cycle (238)
Chapter 9 Cellular Basis of Life
Organisms obtain the energy they need from the breakdown of food molecules by cellular
respiration and fermentation.
9.1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
-Organisms get the energy they need from food.
-Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of
oxygen.
-Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration
puts it back.
-Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that
oxygen to release energy from food.
Vocab
calorie (250)
aerobic (252)
cellular respiration (251)
anaerobic (252)
9.2 The Process of Cellular Respiration
-Together, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain release about
36 molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.
Vocab
glycolysis (254)
Krebs cycle (256)
NAD+ (255)