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The Age of Charlemagne: 800, Western Europe had a moment of unity when the grandson of Charles Martel built an empire reaching across France, Germany and part of Italy. The founder of this empire is known to history, as Charlemagne (SHAHR luh may), or Charles the Great. He spent much of his 46-years reign fighting the Muslims in Spain, the Saxons in the north, the Avars and Slavs in the east, and Lombard’s Italy. Charlemagne was a successful conqueror who reunited much of the old Roman Empire in Europe. Emperor of the Romans: In 800, Pope Leo III called on the Frankish king for help against rebellious nobles in Rome. Charlemagne marched south and crushes the rebellious Romans. At a service on Christmas Day 800, the pope showed his gratitude by placing a crown on Charlemagne’s head and proclaiming him as emperor. The ceremony would have enormous significance. A Christian pope had crowned of a Germanic king successor to the Roman emperors. In doing so, he revived the ideal of a united Christian community. To the emperor of the eastern Roman empire in Constantinople, however, the pope’s action as absurd. The eastern emperor saw himself, and not some backward Frankish king, as the sole Roman rule. In the long run, Leo’s crowning of Charlemagne helped to widen the split between the eastern and western Christian world. It also laid the ground for desperate power struggles between the Roman Catholic popes and the future Germanic emperors. Government: Charlemagne tried to exercise control his many lands and create a united Christian Europe. He worked closely with the Church, helped the spread of Christianity to the conquered peoples on the fringes of his empire. During his reign, missionaries won converts among the Saxons and the Slavs. Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions. He gave them land so that they could offer support and supply soldiers for his armies. To keep control of these provincials rulers, he sent out officials called Missi Dominici, listen to grievances, and see justice was done. A Revival of Learning: Charlemagne hoped to make his capital at Aachen, a second Rome. To achieve this goal, he made determined effort to revive Latin learning throughout his empire. Keeping accurate records: Charlemagne saw the need for officials who could keep complete and accurate records and write clear reports. Education had decline so much that even the educated clergy were often ignorant. Promoting education and learning: To ensure the supply of educated officials, he set up a palace school at Aachen. He then asked a reported scholar, Alcuin of York, to run the school. Alcuin set up a curriculum of study based on Latin learning, which became the educational model medieval Europe. It included the study a grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music and astrometry. Alcuin also hired scholars to copy ancient manuscript, Bible and Latin works of history and science. These manuscripts served all over Europe for 700 years. Charlemagne’s Legacy: After Charlemagne died in 814, his empire soon fell apart. His heir’s battled for power for 30yrs. In 843, Charlemagne’s grandson drew up the Treaty of Verdun, which split up the empire into three regions. He extended Christian civilization into northern Europe and furthered the blending of German, Roman, and the Christians traditions. He also set up a strong, efficient government, and later medieval rulers looked to his example when they tried to centralize their own kingdoms. New Attacks: After the defeat at Tours in 732, Muslim forces kept up their pressure on Europe. In the late 800s, they conquered Sicily, which became a thriving centre of Islamic culture. In the mid 900s, when power struggles in the Middle East diverted from Europe, that Muslims attacks subsided. 896, a new wave of nomadic people, Magyars, settled in Hungary. They overran Eastern Europe, Germany, France and Italy. After about 50yrs, they were push back into Hungary. The most destructive raiders were the Vikings. They snapped the last threads of unity in Charlemagne’s empire. These expert sailors and furious fighters burst out of Scandinavia, including Norway, Sweden and Denmark. They looted and burned communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe, Ireland and Russia. They were traders and explore around the Mediterranean Sea and crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Leif Erikson set up a short lives Viking colony on the continent of North America for about 1000yrs. Vikings also settled in England, France Ireland and Russia, for trading. Questions 1) Explain how Charlemagne blended the Roman, Germany and the Christians traditions. Pgs 188-189. 2) What steps did Charlemagne take to improve governments and unify his empire? Pgs 189191. 3) Why did Charlemagne appoint the Nobles part in his empire? Pg 188. 4) Explain how Charlemagne’s promoting education and learning?