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I. VOCABULARIO EN UN RESTAURANTE AT A RESTAURANT EL CLIENTE ¿ME PUEDES TRAER…? LA CUENTA EL MENÚ ¿QUÉ NOS RECOMIENDAS? ALGO LIGERO ALGO FUERTE ORDENAR DEJAR UNA PROPINA THE CUSTOMER I’LL HAVE... THE BILL THE MENU WHAT DO YOU RECOMMEND? SOMETHING LIGHT SOMETHING FILLING TO ORDER TO LEAVE A TIP EL/LA MESERO/A ¿QUÉ DESEAN COMER? ¿QUÉ DESEAN BEBER? ¿DESEAN ALGO MÁS? YO RECOMIENDO… EN LA MESA LA CUCHARA EL TENEDOR EL CUCHILLO EL PLATO E L BO L LA SERVILLETA EL INDIVIDUAL EL MANTEL EL VASO LA TAZA LA SAL LA PIMIENTA THE WAITER/WAITRESS WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO EAT? WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO DRINK? WOULD YOU LIKE ANYTHING ELSE? I RECOMMEND… AT THE TABLE SPOON FORK KNIFE PLATE BO W L NAPKIN PLACEMAT TABLECLOTH GLASS COFFEE CUP SALT PEPPER EN EL MENÚ ON THE MENU LAS ENTRADAS LA ENSALADA CÉSAR LA ENSALADA GRIEGA LA CREMA DE HONGOS LA SOPA DE CEBOLLA FRANCESA LAS ALITAS DE POLLO LOS PALITOS DE QUESO EL DIP DE ESPINACAS Y ALCACHOFAS APPETIZERS CAESAR SALAD GREEK SALAD CREAM OF MUSHROOM SOUP FRENCH ONION SOUP CHICKEN WINGS MOZZARRELLA STICKS SPINACH AND ARTICHOKE DIP LOS PLATOS PRINCIPALES LAS COSTILLAS EL FILET MIGNON EL LOMO DE CERDO LA TILAPIA EL BACALAO EL ATÚN EL CEVICHE EL POLLO FRITO EL POLLO A LA PARRILLA LA PASTA EL ESPAGUETI LA LASAÑA LOS MACARRONES CON QUESO EL FETUCCINI ALFREDO LOS ACOMPAÑANTES LAS PAPITAS FRITAS LOS AROS DE CEBOLLA EL PURÉ DE PAPA LA PAPA HORNEADA LOS VEGETALES AL VAPOR EL ARROZ Y HABICHUELAS LOS POSTRES EL MOUSSE DE CHOCOLATE UN SUNDAE DE HELADO EL FLAN LOS BROWNIES EL PASTEL DE TRES LECHES ENTREES RIBS FILET MIGNON PORK TENDERLOIN TILAPIA COD TUNA CEVICHE FRIED CHICKEN GRILLED CHICKEN PASTA SPAGHETTI LASAGNA MAC ‘N’ CHEESE FETUCCHINE ALFREDO SIDES FRENCH FRIES ONION RINGS MASHED POTATOES BAKED POTATO STEAMED VEGETABLES RICE AND BEANS DESSERTS CHOCOLATE MOUSSE ICE-CREAM SUNDAE FLAN BROWNIES TRES LECHES CAKE CULTURAL NOTE: FOOD IS, OBVIOUSLY, VERY CULTURAL. EVERY COUNTRY IN THE SPANISH-SPEAKING WORLD HAS ITS OWN UNIQUE CULTURE AS WELL AS ITS OWN UNIQUE CUISINE. IT’S IMPOSSIBLE TO BE FROM THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND NOT KNOW WHAT SANCOCHO IS, OR TO BE FROM MEXICO AND NOT KNOW WHAT MOLE IS. HOWEVER, IT’S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT MEXICANS DON’T EAT MEXICAN FOOD EVERY DAY AND SPANIARDS DON’T EAT SPANISH FOOD EVERY DAY. EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD YOU CAN FIND SUSHI, ITALIAN RESTAURANTS AND, YES, EVEN BURGERS. A GOOD RULE OF THUMB: WHEN TRAVELING, DON’T EAT ANYTHING YOU CAN GET BACK HOME. IN OTHER WORDS, SAY NO TO THE GOLDEN ARCHES!! II. DOPs v. IDOPs v. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS IT’S LIKE ROCKY V. APOLLO CREED (YOU PROBABLY DON’T UNDERSTAND THIS 70s REFERENCE… ) A. YOU DOWN WITH DOPs, YEAH YOU KNOW ME! YOU LEARNED IN SPANISH 1 THAT DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ALLOW YOU TO SOUND LESS “ROBOTIC” IN SPANISH. WHAT IS A DIRECT OBJECT?? THE FANCY, SCHMANCY, “I’M SMARTER THAN YOU” DEFINITION OF A DIRECT OBJECT IS “A WORD OR GROUP OF WORDS REPRESENTING THE PERSON OR THING UPON WHICH THE ACTION OF A VERB IS PERFORMED OR TOWARD WHICH IT IS DIRECTED.” SIMPLY PUT, IT ANSWERS THE QUESTION “WHOM?” OR “WHAT?” AFTER THE VERB. FOR EXAMPLE: I KNOW LEBRON JAMES. WHOM? LEBRON JAMES!! LEBRON JAMES IS THE DIRECT OBJECT. I’M GOING TO VISIT MY GRANDPARENTS. WHOM?? YOUR GRANDPARENTS!! I HAVE TO WASH THE DISHES. WHAT?? THE DISHES!! WITH THAT SAID, DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ARE PRONOUNS THAT TAKE THE PLACE OF THE DIRECT OBJECT. IN ENGLISH, THE DOPs ARE: ME…YOU…HIM…HER…IT…US…THEM What am I doing here? I want to be the leader of the GOP, not the DOP! IN SPANISH, THE DOPS ARE: ME (ME) TE (YOU) LO (HIM; IT) LA (HER; IT) NOS (US) LOS (THEM) LAS (THEM) PRONOUN PLACEMENT: UNLIKE IN ENGLISH, DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS GO IN FRONT OF CONJUGATED VERBS. FOR EXAMPLE: NOSOTROS LOS VISITAMOS LOS SÁBADOS. WE VISIT THEM ON SATURDAYS. ¿MI TAREA? NO LA QUIERO HACER AHORA. MY HOMEWORK? I DON’T WANT TO DO IT NOW. COMMON VERBS ADMIRAR AMAR AYUDAR CONOCER* INVITAR LLAMAR OFENDER ODIAR VER** VISITAR TO ADMIRE TO LOVE TO HELP TO KNOW TO INVITE TO CALL TO OFFEND TO HATE TO SEE TO VISIT *FUNKY YO: CONOZCO **FUNKY YO: VEO B. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS (IDOPs) IDOPs FUNCTION MUCH LIKE DOPs, BUT ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. THE FANCY, SCHMANCY, “I’M SMARTER THAN YOU” DEFINITION OF AN INDIRECT OBJECT IS “A WORD OR GROUP OF WORDS REPRESENTING THE PERSON OR THING WITH REFERENCE TO WHICH THE ACTION OF A VERB IS PERFORMED, IN ENGLISH GENERALLY COMING BETWEEN THE VERB AND THE DIRECT OBJECT AND PARAPHRASABLE AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION”. SIMPLY PUT, IT TELLS TO WHOM OR FOR WHOM THE ACTION OF THE VERB IS DONE. IN OTHER WORDS, IT ANSWERS THE 2-WORD QUESTION “TO WHOM?” OR “FOR WHOM” ASKED AFTER THE VERB. FOR EXAMPLE: I WROTE THE PRESIDENT A LETTER. YOU WROTE A LETTER TO WHOM? TO THE PRESIDENT!! THE PRESIDENT IS YOUR INDIRECT OBJECT. I BOUGHT MY MOM FLOWERS. YOU BOUGHT FLOWERS FOR WHOM?? YO’ MAMA!! YOUR MOM IS THE INDIRECT OBJECT. WITH THAT SAID, INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ARE PRONOUNS THAT TAKE THE PLACE OF THE INDIRECT OBJECT. IN ENGLISH, THE IDOPs ARE: ME…YOU…HIM…HER…US…THEM IN SPANISH, THE IDOPS ARE: ME (ME) TE (YOU) LE (HIM, HER) NOS (US) LES (THEM) JUST LIKE DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS, IDOPs GO IN FRONT OF CONJUGATED VERBS. FOR EXAMPLE: YO LE COMPRÉ FLORES. I BOUGHT HER FLOWERS. ELLA ME MANDÓ UN TEXTO. SHE SENT ME A TEXT MESSAGE. COMMON VERBS CANTAR COMPRAR DAR* DECIR** ESCRIBIR HABLAR HACER* LEER MANDAR PRESTAR TEXTEAR TRAER* TO SING TO BUY TO GIVE TO TELL TO WRITE TO SPEAK TO MAKE TO READ TO SEND TO LEND TO TEXT TO BRING *FUNKY YO **FUNKY YO AND STEM-CHANGER IDOP/DOP DIFFERENTIATION FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF AN ENGLISH SPEAKER LEARNING SPANISH, DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN IDOPs AND DOPs CAN BE DIFFICULT. “HIM” CAN BE LE OR LO. “THEM” CAN BE LES, LOS OR LAS. WHICH SHOULD YOU USE?? THAT DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE PRONOUN IS THE DIRECT OR INDIRECT OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE. REMEMBER, AN INDIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS “TO WHOM?” OR “FOR WHOM?” AFTER THE VERB; DIRECT OBJECTS ANSWER “WHOM?” OR “WHAT?” AFTER THE VERB. QUICKIE QUIZ: IDENTIFY WHETHER THESE PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH ARE INDIRECT OR DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS. WHICH PRONOUN IN SPANISH WOULD YOU USE FOR EACH?? 1. I KNOW HER. 2. I BOUGHT HER AN iPHONE. ANSWERS: 1. DOP; LA 2. IDOP; LE DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE A DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN AND AN INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN IN THE SAME SENTENCE?? OF COURSE!! HOW ‘BOUT THIS: ARE YOU GOING TO SEND ME THE E-MAIL? YES, I’M GOING TO SEND YOU IT. IN SPANISH, THE DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN GOES AFTER THE INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN. SÍ, TE LO VOY A MANDAR. HOW WOULD YOU ANSWER THIS QUESTION USING DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS IN SPANISH ? ¿QUIÉN TE COMPRÓ LOS ZAPATOS ? YOUR ANSWER : _________________________________________________ JUST TO KEEP THINGS EXCITING, IN SPANISH WE CAN NEVER HAVE A “DOUBLE L” PRONOUN COMBINATION. IN OTHER WORDS, YOU CAN NEVER HAVE A COMBINATION OF “LE LO”… “LE LA”… “LE LOS”… “LE LAS”… “LES LO”… “LES LA”… “LES LOS”… OR “LES LAS”. INSTEAD, YOU WILL REPLACE THE INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN (THE “LE” OR “LES”) WITH A “SE”. FOR EXAMPLE: ¿LE VAS A COMPRAR LAS FLORES A TU MAMÁ? INCORRECT: SÍ, LE LAS VOY A COMPRAR MAÑANA. CORRECT: SÍ, SE LAS VOY A COMPRAR MAÑANA. C. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS A THIRD TYPE OF PRONOUN COMMONLY USED IN SPANISH IS THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ARE USED WHENEVER THE SUBJECT OF THE VERB IS ALSO ITS OBJECT. IN ENGLISH, THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ARE: MYSELF…YOURSELF…HIMSELF…HERSELF… ITSELF…OURSELVES…THEMSELVES FOR EXAMPLE: SHE LOOKED AT HERSELF IN THE MIRROR. “SHE” IS THE SUBJECT; “HERSELF” IS THE PRONOUN. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ARE MORE COMMONLY USED IN SPANISH THAN IN ENGLISH. THERE ARE MANY SIMPLE SITUATIONS, IN SPANISH, WHERE A REFLEXIVE PRONOUN IS MANDATORY, YET WE WOULDN’T USE ONE IN ENGLISH. SO, GUESS WHAT?? YOU CAN’T RELY ON ENGLISH TO HELP YOU HERE!! YOU’RE GOING TO HAVE TO SIMPLY LEARN THE USES AND ACCEPT THE REALITY THAT LANGUAGES ARE DIFFERENT!! IN ITS SIMPLEST FORM, REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ARE USED TO TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU AND OTHERS DO TO YOURSELF/ THEMSELVES. WHEN YOU WASH YOUR HANDS, DO YOU DO IT TO YOURSELF? YEP! YOU’LL USE A REFLEXIVE PRONOUN!! WHEN YOU BRUSH YOUR TEETH, DO YOU DO IT TO YOURSELF?? YEP! REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. WHEN YOU SCRATCH YOUR BUTT… YEP!! YOU GET THE POINT!! SOME VERBS THAT COMMONLY TAKE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: ACOSTARSE (OUE) AFEITARSE BAÑARSE CEPILLARSE EL PELO CEPILLARSE LOS DIENTES DESPERTARSE (EIE) DORMIRSE (OUE) DUCHARSE LAVARSE LAS MANOS LAVARSE EL PELO LEVANTARSE MAQUILLARSE PEINARSE PONERSE LA ROPA (“GO”) SECARSE TO GO TO BED TO SHAVE TO TAKE A BATH TO BRUSH YOUR HAIR TO BRUSH YOUR TEETH TO WAKE UP TO FALL ASLEEP TO TAKE A SHOWER TO WASH YOUR HANDS TO WASH YOUR HAIR TO GET UP TO PUT ON MAKEUP TO COMB YOUR HAIR TO PUT ON YOUR CLOTHES TO DRY OFF SOME ITEMS COMMONLY USED TO DO THOSE THINGS: EL CEPILLO EL CEPILLO DE DIENTES EL CHAMPÚ LA CREMA DE AFEITAR LA CREMA HIDRATANTE EL DESODORANTE EL JABÓN EL MAQUILLAJE LA PASTA DE DIENTES EL PEINE LA RASURADORA LA TOALLA HAIRBRUSH TOOTHBRUSH SHAMPOO SHAVING CREAM MOISTURIZER DEODORANT SOAP MAKEUP TOOTHPASTE COMB RAZOR TOWEL THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ARE: ME (MYSELF) TE (YOURSELF) SE (HIMSELF) (HERSELF) (ITSELF) NOS (OURSELVES) SE (THEMSELVES) THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN WILL ALWAYS AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT. AND, JUST LIKE DOPs AND IDOPs, REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS GO IN FRONT OF CONJUGATED VERBS. FOR EXAMPLE: BOB NO SE CEPILLA LOS DIENTES. BOB DOESN’T BRUSH HIS TEETH. YO ME TENGO QUE AFEITAR… ¡Y PONER LA ROPA! YO ME LEVANTÉ A LAS 5:00 am. I GOT UP AT 5:00 am. IT IS, OF COURSE, POSSIBLE TO HAVE A REFLEXIVE PRONOUN AND A DOP IN THE SAME SENTENCE. IN THOSE INSTANCES, THE DOP WILL COME LAST. FOR EXAMPLE, HOW WOULD YOU ANSWER THIS QUESTION USING TWO PRONOUNS? ¿TE LAVASTE LAS MANOS? YOUR ANSWER : __________________________________________ NOT ALL REFLEXIVE VERBS DEAL WITH THINGS YOU AND OTHERS DO TO YOURSELF AND THEMSELVES. ANOTHER SET OF REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS DEALS WITH FEELINGS OR CONDITIONS, WHERE IN ENGLISH WE USE THE VERB “TO GET”. FOR EXAMPLE: ABURRIRSE ASUSTARSE CANSARSE CONFUNDIRSE DIVERTIRSE (IIE) EMBARAZARSE EMOCIONARSE ENFERMARSE ENOJARSE MEJORARSE LASTIMARSE PERDERSE (EIE) PREOCUPARSE SENTIRSE (EIE) TO GET BORED TO GET SCARED TO GET TIRED TO GET CONFUSED TO HAVE FUN TO GET PREGNANT TO GET EXCITED TO GET SICK TO GET ANGRY TO GET BETTER TO GET HURT TO GET LOST TO GET WORRIED TO FEE FOR EXAMPLE: MI NOVIA SE ENFERMÓ AYER. MY GIRLFRIEND GOT SICK YESTERDAY.