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The Middle Ages Charlemagne 768-814 Government o Expands the Frankish kingdom and unites __________________ _________________ o Crowned _________________________ joined Roman, Christian and German elements. o Divides __________________ into __________________ headed by a ____________ Spreads Christianity o Spread by _____________________, or through ______________________________ Education o Promoted learning to educate ____________________ and ________________ officials o Schools for the _________________ children taught by _________________________ o Scholars produce a readable _______________________________________________ Feudalism ______________& ______________ system that developed after____________ fell. Alliances between __________________ based on ownership and distribution of __________ Characteristics: ____________ ,_____________, __________________, and power structure Kings/Lords/Nobles give ______________ to lesser nobles o They become his _______________ o Vassals: swore oath of ____________, fought battles, acted as lord’s ______________ The Middle Ages was a time of Warfare Knights ___________________________________ Training o Age Seven ___________________ learned _________________ and weaponry o Age Twelve ___________________ cared for horse, weapons and _______________ o Tried in _________________ to become a ________________________. o Fights between _____________ and ________________ for power and land o _______________________ suffer hardships The ___________________ steps in to help the peasants Feudal Justice How did they settle disagreements and problems? o The _____________________ would be brought before the _____________________ for trial. o Trial by __________________ Trial by compurgation or _____________________________ o Trial by ______________________ Example:_______________________________________ Manor System _______________________________ system o Manors were large ___________________________, farms and fields o Grew their own ______________ made everything they ___________________ o _________________ holds 1/3 of_________________ _______________________ work 2/3 of land. o Could not ____________________ land without __________________________ o Nobles live in _______________________ built on ____________________ for defense. o __________________________ seen as a way to advance fortunes. Revival of Trade The _________________________ made ___________________ the center of the trade. Ships would carry _______________ to the __________ ________and return with goods from __________________________ . Major trade centers were ____________, (Vikings) and _______________ for woolen cloth, furs, hemp, silk, spices and sugar. Hanseatic League - _________________ cities joined together to control and protect trade. __________________________developed as a place to _______________________goods. _________ and ___________ were exchanged. Manufacturing: Goods were manufactured in ____________ Known as the _____________________ Banking develops: __________________________________________ currencies __________________________________________________ Gave out _____________________ of exchange (like checks) Investing: The beginnings of __________________________________________ People began to invest __________________________ to make profits. To raise money, investors formed ______________________________ Investors created a _________________________________________ All land, labor & capital were controlled by ______________________ Growth of Towns: Towns people won self ____________________(not under control of manor) A lord granted the town a __________________ that listed their_____________ 4 basic rights o ____________________________: 1 yr + 1 day = freedom o Exemption: a person did not have to ____________________________ o Town___________________________________________: own courts o Commercial privileges: _______________________________________ Guilds: Merchant Guilds- ____________________________________________ Only locals and others who _______________ could trade there. ________________________- set rules for wages, hours and working conditions Craft Guilds: set rules for _____________________ of skilled workers Merchants and master workers formed the new ______________________ class The Black Death: People’s faith in _________________ was shaken Church lost some ________________ and importance Workers could demand ________________________ England William the Conqueror 1066 Unifies England , introduces new ___________, customs and ______________________ Combines Anglo- Saxon and ____________________culture Brings _____________________________to England Kings, not ____________________supreme authority Conducts a census and writes it in the _______________________________ Democracy takes root in England Nobles join together against _______________________ 1215 ________________________ limited the king’s _______________, protected liberties and freedoms The king had to______________________________________. Parliament had to approve all ___________________________ Parliament = nobles and _______________________________ The law became the___________________________, not the king 1300’s ________________________________ established the courts. Decisions were collected and looked at in future cases (__________________________) France Increased territory through ___________, and through conquering provinces held by _______ Increased royal power over the church by ______________________________ The king had the support of the _____________________________ a representative body of advisors made up of______________, nobles and commoners 100 Years War began as a conflict over who had the right to the____________________ ______________________________led the French troops into victory Holy Roman Empire = Germany and Italy ______________________ German king 936 crowned Holy Roman Emperor Helped the pope weaken the power of the nobles in ___________________ Henry IV and Gregory VII clashed in a power struggle over who could appoint ______ Gregory VII – By using excommunication to resolve conflicts, increased __________________________ of the pope, The struggle was settled ___________________________ in an agreement known as the Concordant of Worms. The Holy Roman Empire was a major ____________________________ until the 1800’s The Crusad es Purpose: _____________________________________________________________ Reasons to Join 1st Crusade: _________________ Result: _________________________________________________________________________ 2nd Crusade________________________ & 3rd Crusades ___________________________ Result: _____________ Crusades End Europe is changed forever.