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THE CLASSICS TIMELINE 1600 – 1750 The Baroque Period 1750 – 1810 The Classical Period 1810 – 1900 The Romantic Period 1900 – 2000 The Twentieth Century THE BAROQUE PERIOD The word Baroque was first used to describe the highly decorative and often grand style of architecture and art of the 17th century. Musicians borrowed the word, and used it to describe the music written between 1600-1750 The fashion was for ornamentation everywhere – even on buildings and especially in music. BAROQUE MUSIC Baroque music started in Italy, and worked its way north to Germany, France and England. Music written during this time has noticeable contrasts in speed and volume. Many new styles and forms of music were developed in the Baroque period. BAROQUE MUSIC Many changes took place in this era…. • • • • The String family replaced the family of viols The harpsichord became a prominent instrument Modes were replaced with major and minor keys Composers added contrasts e.g. contrasting dynamics and textures • Use of both polyphony and homophony BA RO Q U E O RC H E S T R A The Baroque orchestra was much smaller than the orchestras today The string section formed the basis of the orchestra The brass and woodwind section usually only had one player per instrument There was very little percussion used When percussion was used, it was usually only timpani to reinforce the bass notes BA RO Q U E O RC H E S T R A The Harpsichord The Harpsichord is a small keyboard instrument, which is the predecessor of the piano. The strings are plucked to produce a ‘twangy’ sound. It is heard in most orchestral pieces of the period. THE HARPSICHORD BA RO Q U E O RC H E S T R A The Recorder There are 4 main types of this wind instrument: descant, treble, tenor and bass THE RECORDER FAMILY BA RO Q U E O RC H E S T R A The String Family The string family replaced the viols and became the most prominent part of the Baroque orchestra Composers favoured writing for these instruments as they were the new, modern instrument of the time. Instruments were: Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass and Harp BAROQUE ORCHESTRA Violin – This is the smallest and highest pitched instrument in the string family. Cello – Slightly smaller and higher in pitch than the double bass. Double Bass – The largest and lowest instrument of the strings. All 3 instruments can be played with a bow (arco) or plucked (pizzicato). Harp – It is usually about 1.8 metres high, weighs 36kg and has 47 strings. THE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA THE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA Other instruments included: • Flute – This instrument belongs to the woodwind family, although it is made of metal. It differs from other woodwind instruments as it does not have a reed. The sound is produced by blowing across the top of a hole, a bit like blowing across the open top of a glass bottle. • Trumpet – This instrument belongs to the brass family. Air vibrates through a player’s lips, into a mouthpiece which is connected to the instrument. The trumpet is the smallest and highest instrument in the brass family. • MUTED – a trumpet often uses a mute – a device Which reduces the volume or alters the sound of an Instrument (also known as CON SORDINO) THE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA Timpani This instrument belongs to the percussion family. A drum with skin stretched across a large bowl which was traditionally made of copper, but is more commonly made of fibreglass. It is a tuned percussion instrument as it can play a range of notes. A timpani is struck with with timpani sticks or mallets that are designed not to damage the surface of the skin. BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S POLYPHONIC (many sounds)/CONTRAPUNTAL Independent melodies of equal importance which weave / blend together. BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S HOMOPHONIC (one sound) All the parts have the same rhythm creating a ‘chordal’ effect. (Hymn like) BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S Chorus The chorus involves all the different voices together. (Soprano, Alto, Tenor and Bass) They most often sing in HARMONY – each voice sings its own part. BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S The chorus also sometimes sing in UNISON – all the voices sing the same part at the appropriate pitch. (high or low) OCTAVE – the distance of 8 notes. BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S Sequence This is a form of imitation but instead of the theme / pattern being repeated exactly, it is repeated at a HIGHER or LOWER pitch. Look at the printed music while listening to this excerpt and count how many sequences you can see. BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S Ornaments The melodies of the Baroque period were highly decorated using ORNAMENTS. They appear as small notes beside the main note or are indicated by a special sign. trill Grace Note BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S Imitation One part or voice introduces a small theme which is then imitated or copied by another part or voice. BA RO Q U E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S Dotted Rhythms A “long / short” rhythmic pattern. Instead of: BAROQUE VOCAL MUSIC Opera Opera is a dramatic form of choral writing. It began in Italy towards the end of the 16th century The word opera means ‘work’ suggesting that it combines singing, acting and dancing in a staged spectacle. One of the first operas written and still performed today is Claudio Monteverdi’s L’Orfeo BAROQUE VOCAL MUSIC Opera An opera is made up of acts and scenes Most of the words, if not all of them, are sung in an opera Most operas as large compositions and meant for the stage and all that goes with it – costumes, drama and scenery OPERA HOUSE - 1747 BAROQUE VOCAL MUSIC OPERA Within an opera you will find examples of: Aria – A solo song sung in an operatic style,, with orchestral accompaniment. Chorus – where the full body of singers perform together BAROQUE VOCAL MUSIC Voices Four voices make up a typical choir: • • • • Soprano Alto Tenor Bass (upper female voice) (lower female voice) (upper male voice) (lower male voice) Extra voices can be used: • Mezzo-soprano • Counter Tenor • Baritone (halfway between a soprano and alto) (has a higher range than a tenor) (between a bass and a tenor) E X C E R P T F RO M BA RO Q U E O P E R A Remember… Like many styles of music…. Although Opera began in the Baroque period, it does not mean that you will not find it in other periods of music – operas are still being composed today! However, operas composed in the Classical period for example, featured classical orchestras and classical characteristics – they still featured arias and chorus and included staging, scenery and fancy costumes. BAROQUE VOCAL MUSIC Syllabic Syllabic is featured in vocal music, where each syllable is given one note only. Melismatic Melismatic (or melisma) is also featured in vocal music in which several notes are sung to one syllable BA RO Q U E I N S T R U M E N TA L M U S I C Concerto A concerto is a work for a solo instrument and orchestra e.g. a flute concerto is written for flute and orchestra. A concerto usually consists of 3 movements (sections of the music). The middle movement tends to be slow. (REMEMBER – The Concerto began in the Baroque era – but it continued into other periods of music!) BA RO Q U E I N S T R U M E N TA L M U S I C Towards the end of the first or last movement, you might hear a CADENZA. This is where the soloist gets to ‘show off ’ his skills, improvising in the style of the work with a great flourish of notes. In modern times, most cadenzas are not improvised – the composer writes in what he wants to hear. BA RO Q U E I N S T R U M E N TA L M U S I C Canon Canon is the name given to a special kind of composition where one voice (or instrument) sings a part and is copied (imitated) exactly by another. The second voice starts a bit later than the first and overlaps with the first. If more and more voices are added, it becomes quite complicated. • A simpler word for canon is called a round. You can try this with a friend by singing “Frere Jacques” BA RO Q U E I N S T R U M E N TA L M U S I C The example of Canon you are about to hear, also features a Ground Bass A Ground Bass is a repeated bass pattern. Look at the ground bass pattern from Pachelbel’s Canon Now listen to the music and try to count how many times the ground bass is repeated. STRUCTURAL FEATURES Binary Form A form in which the music is made up of two different sections labelled A and B. Each section may be repeated. Section A Section B Ternary Form A form where the first section is always repeated at the end Section A Section B Section A STRUCTURAL FEATURES Pedal Short for pedal point. Pedal is a note, which is held on or is repeated continuously in the bass beneath changing harmonies above. Inverted Pedal A note which is held on or repeated continuously at a high pitch. STRUCTURAL FEATURES Counter Melody A melody played against the main melody (Instrumental). Descant Another melody above the main tune (Vocal music). Strophic A song which has the same music repeated for verses/choruses, therefore the music will be heard repeating throughout the song. HARMONIC FEATURES Major The music sounds in a major key – often described as having a cheery, happy feel to it. Minor The music sounds in a minor key – often described as having a sadder feel than major. HARMONIC FEATURES Perfect Cadence A cadence consists of two chords at the end of a phrase. A perfect cadence is the dominant to tonic chords (V–I). In the key of C major, chords G–C. It sounds finished. Imperfect Cadence In an imperfect cadence the second chord is the dominant V creating an unfinished effect. In the key of C the second chord of an imperfect cadence would be the chord of G. It sounds unfinished. HARMONIC FEATURES Tierce di Picardie A Tierce di Picardie is where the final chord of a piece of music in the minor key is changed to major. HARMONIC FEATURES Modulation A change of key, e.g. Modulating to relative major would be a change from minor to major key with the same key signature found 3 semitones higher, for example D minor to F major THE CLASSICAL PERIOD During the second half of the 18th Century, composers found a new audience. Wealthy members of the public would pay to attend concerts. The fashion was for formal, balanced structures, in art, architecture and music. A lighter, more graceful style replaced the grand, intricate music of the Baroque period. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The word ‘Classical’ used in its proper musical context, is used to describe music composed between 1750 and 1810 (approximately). Classical means • Having a balanced structure • Having clearly heard lines THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The style isn’t limited to music – it describes paintings, literature, architecture, clothes and design, in fact anything artistic which displayed classical qualities. Think back to the Baroque music we listened to. The musical lines weave in and out of each other and it can be difficult to tell one part from another. Music composed in the classical era leans away from this and opts for a simpler, elegant style. T H E C L A S S I C A L O RC H E S T R A A new orchestra evolved during the classical period. It was a standard group of four sections: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. In the late instrumental works of Mozart and Haydn, an orchestra might consist of: • • • • Strings: 1st violins, 2nd violins, violas, cellos, double basses Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons Brass: 2 or 4 french horns, 2 trumpets Percussion: 2 timpani T H E C L A S S I C A L O RC H E S T R A The orchestra was bigger than the Baroque orchestra, and more structured • The strings remained the most important section, with the first violins taking the melody and the lower strings providing an accompaniment • The woodwinds added contrasting colours and were often given melodic solos • Horns and trumpets brought power to loud passages and filled out the harmony • Timpani were used for rhythmic bite and emphasis T H E C L A S S I C A L O RC H E S T R A New instruments in the Classical period included: • The Clarinet – this belongs to the woodwind family. It uses a single reed, which is attached to a plastic mouthpiece. This is placed between the lips, and the air travels between the reed and the plastic mouthpiece, and into the instrument. • The piano, which took over from the harpsichord T H E C L A S S I C A L O RC H E S T R A THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The Symphony The word symphony, which literally means ‘sounding together’, was used in the Baroque period to indicate a piece of music played together by a combination of instruments. In the Classical period, Mozart and Haydn established the symphony as we know it today. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The symphony is a large work for orchestra and is usually in 4 movements: • The first movement is usually the longest and is reasonably fast • The second movement is usually slow and expressive • The third movement will often be a minuet and trio (structured in ternary form, with 3 beats in the bar) or a scherzo (lively, jokey piece). • The fourth movement is often in rondo form or theme & variation THE CLASSICAL PERIOD Listen to the opening bars of the following two symphonies. You should be able to hear how different the style of composing is in each, yet each symphony still conforms as it should. Listen to the contrast in dynamics, tempo and character of each. Symphony No 40 By Mozart Symphony No 5 By Beethoven THE CLASSICAL PERIOD Theme and Variations In the late 18th century, a complete movement of a symphony could be in the shape of a theme and variation. The theme is the main melody. You hear it first. The variation is the theme altered to sound different but still recognisable. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD The theme can be varied in lots of ways! GROUP TASK In groups of 2 or 3, discuss ways in which a composer might alter the theme. Your teacher will then have a class discussion – make sure your group has something to share! THE CLASSICAL PERIOD VARIATIONS Change of rhythm Change of key or harmony e.g. major to minor The melody could be altered Diminution (where the length of the notes are shorter but the melody is the same) Augmentation (where the length of the notes are made longer) Inversion (where the melody is turned upside down) THE CLASSICAL PERIOD Think of theme and variation like a meal • • • • Theme Variation 1 Variation 2 Variation 3 - egg and chips scrambled egg and chips Spanish omelette with salad and chips Fried egg on a roll with chips The theme is always used as the main source of inspiration for the variations (like the egg and chips!). A composer tries to alter a theme’s characteristics without losing its identity. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD Listen to this well known example of theme and variation and in your jotter, write down how the composer creates a variation. Do you know who wrote this well known song? THE CLASSICAL PERIOD Rondo Rondo form is frequently heard in the last movement of concertos and symphonies. It is really just ternary form taken a bit further! So instead of A B A we find: A(main tune) B(new) A(main) C(new) A(main) D(new) A(main) And so on – to infinity and beyond! THE CLASSICAL PERIOD Listen to the 3rd movement of Mozart’s Horn Concerto in E flat. This is a particularly clear example of rondo form. In particular, listen to the closing bars – this is a CODA CODA - A passage at the end of a piece of music which rounds it off effectively. THE PIANO The piano was first used in the classical period. It is a keyboard instrument which produces sounds by hammers hitting strings. The inside of a piano – including the hammers and strings, can be seen below. THE PIANO ALBERTI BASS A piano accompaniment style, where broken chords are played by the left hand outlining harmonies, whilst the right hand plays the melody. Classical composers such as Haydn and Mozart used this technique extensively in their piano music. The chord is played in the order: low - high - middle - high. THE PIANO The piano is a good instrument to demonstrate the following examples: SCALE A sequence of notes moving by step in an ascending or descending order. CONTRARY MOTION Two parts move in opposite directions, eg as one part ascends the other part descends. THE ROMANTIC PERIOD Composers in the previous Classical era had aimed to strike a balance in their music between expressiveness and formal structure. Romantic composers shifted this balance. The romantic period featured: • A huge exploration of emotional expression • Composers used feelings, emotions, books, paintings and poetry to get ideas • Composers, poets, writers and painters were concerned with imagination, fantasy and drama THE ROMANTIC PERIOD Romantic era composers were influenced a great deal by literature, art, nature, love and even magic and the supernatural. Romantic music is very expressive and emotional Intensity was created by the use of • Chromaticism • Discords • Modulation ROMANTIC ORCHESTRA The orchestra became colossal Brass became more important Woodwind doubled in size Percussion also became more varied and larger ROMANTIC ORCHESTRA WOODWIND The woodwind section doubled in size New instruments included the SAXOPHONE • It uses a single reed which is attached to a plastic mouthpiece. • This is placed between the lips, and the air travels between the reed and plastic mouthpiece, and into the instrument. ROMANTIC ORCHESTRA BRASS The brass section became more important and dramatically increased in size A new addition to the brass family was the trombone. • It is the only brass instrument that has a slide instead of valves • Air vibrates through a player’s lips, into a mouthpiece, which is connected to the instrument • Trombones are very good at doing a GLISSANDO GLISSANDO Sliding from one note to another, taking in all the notes in between where possible ROMANTIC ORCHESTRA Lots of percussion instruments were added to the romantic orchestra, they fall under 2 catagories. Tuned Percussion (can play a range of notes) Xylophone – The wooden bars are laid out in a similar way to the piano and are played with beaters Glockenspiel - The metal bars are laid out in a similar way to the piano and are played with beaters ROMANTIC ORCHESTRA Untuned Percussion (cannot play a range of notes) • Snare Drum – It is hit with sticks or brushes. Underneath the drum there is a set of curled, metal wires stretched across the bottom of the skin, this gives a ‘rattly’ sound. • Bass Drum – It is large, low in pitch and played with a large headed beater. It can also be part of a drum kit. • Cymbals – It is round in shape and ade of metal. It can be hit with a stick or beater, or can be hit against another cymbal. • Triangle – A piece of metal in the shape of a triangle, open at one corner and struck with a metal beater. • Tambourine – It has a wooden or plastic frame, pairs of metal jingles attached and is mostly played by hand striking or shaking the instrument. ROMANTIC ORCHESTRA ROMANTIC ORCHESTRA These changes meant that it was more possible to change The tone The timbre Pitch Volume Many of the styles and forms we looked at in the Baroque and Classical periods continued into the Romantic period, a number of features helped to develop the music of the time… ROMANTIC FEATURES Rubato Translates as ‘robbed time’ which means the music will speed up and slow down in order to allow for expression, therefore there will not be a strict tempo maintained. Chromatic Notes which move by the interval of a semitone 20 TH CENTURY MUSIC Orchestral music at the beginning of the 20th Century began to evolve in dramatic and adventurous ways. Some composers were tired of the traditional harmony of orchestral music and began to experiment with the orchestra in creating new textures and harmonies. This led to a diverse range of new musical language which has radically changed the position of the orchestra in society ever since. 20 TH CENTURY FEATURES Impressionism A term borrowed from painting in which brief, musical ideas merge and change to create a rather blurred, hazy and vague outline. This painting by Monet is hazy and blurred – creating an ‘impression’ rather than showing clear lines. Impressionist music is similar in that is doesn’t have clearly defined strong melody lines, but aims to create an atmosphere. 20 TH CENTURY FEATURES Whole Tone Scale A scale containing no semitones but built entirely on whole tones. It creates a dreamy, mystical sound. A whole tone scale in C is shown below Tone • The distance between two notes, equivalent to two semitones Semitone • Half a tone e.g. G to Ab on a keyboard 20 TH CENTURY FEATURES Atonal Atonal music has no feeling of key, major or minor. It is very dissonant, and it will lack a ‘nice’ melody and accompaniment. Cluster A term used to describe a group of notes, which clash, played together. O T H E R 2 0 T H C E N T U RY S T Y L E S BRASS BAND A band of brass instruments and percussion A brass band uses a separate family of instruments, e.g. cornet, flugel horn, tenor horn, euphonium and baritone. WIND BAND A band with woodwind, brass and percussion instruments. O T H E R 2 0 T H C E N T U RY S T Y L E S MUSICAL A musical is a play which has speaking, singing and dancing and is performed on a stage. In recent years the musical has seen a revival and may now deal with very dramatic stories and contain no dialogue. Musicals use a more ‘normal’ singing voice than opera.