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Chapter 7: The Muscular System 1. A) B) C) D) E) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle? excitability elasticity contractility extensibility reversibility 2. A) B) C) D) E) Connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculi is called perimysium. endomysium. fascia. fasciculi. microfibrils. 3. A) B) C) D) E) Muscle myofibrils contain actin and myosin myofilaments. extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other. contain sarcomeres joined end to end. have all of these properties. have the properties of contain actin and myosin myofilaments and extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other only. 4. A) B) C) D) E) The basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle is the fasciculus. fiber. myofibril. sarcomere. actin myofilament. 5. A) B) C) D) E) Actin myofilaments resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. are attached to Z lines at one end. form the I band where actin overlaps with myosin myofilaments. form the epimysium. have all of these characteristics. Page 117 6. A) B) C) D) E) Each sarcomere extends from one Z line to the next Z line. has a light-colored H zone in the center. contains parts of two I bands and a single A band. contains overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments. has all of these characteristics. 7. A) B) C) D) E) The resting membrane potential occurs when the outside of the cell membrane is negatively charged. is reversed in sign when sodium ions rush out of the cell. will be changed if the membrane permeability to one or more ions is selectively altered. is reestablished by depolarization after an action potential. only occurs when the cytosol has a net negative charge. 8. A) B) C) D) E) Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. is broken down by acetylcholinesterase. binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane. causes an influx of sodium ions into the muscle cell when bound to its receptor. has all of these characteristics. 9. A) B) C) D) E) A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is called a neuromuscular junction. synaptic cleft. motor unit. synapse. presynaptic terminal. 10. In a neuromuscular junction, A) the presynaptic terminal is separated from the postsynaptic terminal by the synaptic cleft. B) the presynaptic terminal contains vesicles filled with sodium ions. C) the presynaptic terminal contains receptor molecules for the neurotransmitter. D) the neurotransmitter causes an action potential in the presynaptic terminal. E) all of these conditions occur. Page 118 11. Given these events: 1. calcium ions move along their concentration gradient 2. action potential in cell membrane 3. opening of ion channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. action potential in T tubules 5. actin to myosin cross-bridges form Arrange them in the correct sequence as they participate during skeletal muscle contraction: A) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 B) 1, 5, 4, 3, 2 C) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 D) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4 E) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 12. A) B) C) D) E) Calcium ions bind to myosin myofilaments. are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport. are released from the T tubules by active transport. provide the energy for muscle contraction. have both bind to myosin myofilaments and are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport as normal properties. 13. A) B) C) D) E) ATP attaches to the myosin myofilaments. provides energy for the movement of the cross bridges. is required for muscle relaxation. releases part of its energy as heat. has all of these characteristics. 14. A) B) C) D) E) A muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus until that stimulus reaches the tetany. relaxation level. rigor mortis level. threshold level. recruitment level. Page 119 15. The condition in which a muscle remains contracted between stimuli without relaxing is called A) recruitment. B) tetanus. C) the all-or-none response. D) a motor unit. E) the lag phase. 16. A) B) C) D) E) The characteristic that allows muscles to have a slow, smooth, sustained contraction is the all-or-none response. tetany. recruitment of motor units. anaerobic respiration. rigor mortis. 17. A) B) C) D) E) A high-energy molecule that can be quickly used to produce ATP: creatine phosphate glucose carbon dioxide lactic acid water 18. A) B) C) D) E) Anaerobic respiration is used by all cells during sustained periods of exercise. produces the most ATP's for each glucose molecule broken down. produces lactic acid within the muscle. produces an oxygen debt. has both produces lactic acid within the muscle and produces an oxygen debt as characteristics. 19. Which of the following statements about energy requirements for muscle contraction is correct? A) ATP synthesis occurs mostly by aerobic respiration during intense periods of exercise. B) During short periods of intense exercise, creatine phosphate is used first. C) Aerobic exercise is mainly limited by the buildup of lactic acid. D) Glucose is a more important energy source than fatty acids during sustained exercise. E) All of these are correct statements. Page 120 20. A) B) C) D) E) Slow-twitch muscle fibers are the predominant type of muscle fibers in the upper limbs. have a richer blood supply than fast twitch fibers, and contain myoglobin. would be used for activities resulting in (or requiring) anaerobic respiration. fatigue more easily than fast-twitch fibers. have all of these characteristics. 21. A) B) C) D) E) Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. has long, cylindrical cells has many nuclei per cell. has no striations. has all of these characteristics. 22. A) B) C) D) E) Smooth muscle has no distinct sarcomeres. contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle. may be autorhythmic. does not develop an oxygen debt. has all of these characteristics. 23. Which of the following characteristics would establish conclusively that muscle tissue being examined was skeletal muscle tissue? A) several nuclei per cell. B) striations present. C) contracts spontaneously. D) intercalated disks present. E) under involuntary control. 24. A) B) C) D) E) The biceps brachii muscle and the triceps brachii muscle are synergists. are antagonists. both flex the forearm. are both antagonists and flexors of the forearm. are both synergists and flexors of the forearm. Page 121 25. A) B) C) D) E) If someone winks at you, they are using their zygomaticus muscles. occipitofrontalis muscle. orbicularis oculi. depressor anguli oris. orbicularis oris. 26. A) B) C) D) E) Which of the following muscles are involved in "puckering up" to kiss someone? orbicularis oris buccinator zygomaticus major Both orbicularis oris and buccinator are required to “pucker up.” Both buccinator and zygomaticus major are required to “pucker up.” 27. A) B) C) D) E) Muscles of mastication include the masseter. the hyoid muscles. the pharyngeal constrictors. the temporalis. both the masseter and the temporalis. 28. A) B) C) D) E) Which of the following muscles are used to elevate the larynx? the masseter the soft palate muscles. the hyoid muscles. the pharyngeal constrictors. the sternocleidomastoid. 29. A) B) C) D) E) The primary muscle(s) responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration is(are) the diaphragm. the external intercostals. the rectus abdominis. the internal intercostals. the erector spinae. Page 122 30. A muscle located on either side of the linea alba, which flexes the waist and is crossed by tendinous intersections is the A) transversus abdominis. B) external intercostal. C) external abdominal oblique. D) rectus abdominis. E) erector spinae. 31. A) B) C) D) E) Which of these muscles is NOT a fixator of the scapula? latissimus dorsi trapezius levator scapulae serratus anterior pectoralis minor 32. A) B) C) D) E) The major abductor of the upper limb is the trapezius. latissimus dorsi. deltoid. pectoralis major. biceps brachii. 33. A) B) C) D) E) The anterior forearm muscles extend the wrist and fingers. are called intrinsic hand muscles. flex the wrist and fingers. supinate the forearm. perform both flexion and supination at the wrist. 34. A) B) C) D) E) The anterior hip muscle that flexes the thigh is the iliopsoas. gluteus medius. tensor fascia latae. gluteus maximus. entire gluteal group. Page 123 35. A) B) C) D) E) The hip muscle commonly used as a site for injections is the gluteus maximus. gluteus medius. iliopsoas. tensor fascia latae. hamstring muscles. 36. A) B) C) D) E) An anterior thigh muscle that extends the leg is the sartorius. quadriceps femoris. hamstring group. adductor group. iliopsoas. 37. A) B) C) D) E) A superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg is the tibialis anterior. peroneus. gastrocnemius. plantar fascia. hanstring group. 38. Mary Thon, a long-distance runner, asks her coach why it is so difficult to have a "finishing kick" (sprinting the last hundred yards to the finish line). Her coach should reply: A) sprinting requires large amounts of oxygen, and she doesn't have much available at that point. B) there is no physiological reason why the finishing kick should be difficult. C) sprinting requires fatty acids, which are likely to be gone at that point. D) anaerobic activities like sprinting are limited by available glucose and rate of buildup of lactic acid. E) she has already built up an oxygen debt from too much aerobic exercise. Page 124 39. Most types of nerve gas exert their effect by inactivating acetylcholinesterase. One of the antidotes for nerve gas is atropine, which is also a poison. Although it may seem strange to have one poison counteract the effects of another poison, which of the following suggestions might be accurate for the effect that atropine has on the neuromuscular junction? A) atropine increases the production of acetylcholine in the synaptic vesicles. B) atropine increases the release of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft. C) atropine increases the number of receptor sites for acetylcholine on the muscle cell membrane. D) atropine attaches to receptor sites for acetylcholine on the muscle cell membrane. E) atropine increases both the release of acetylcholine and the number of available receptor sites. 40. Musk L. Bound, a world-class weight lifter, had some muscle tissue from his gastrocnemius muscle analyzed microscopically. Which of the following results would be most likely? A) a high percentage of slow-twitch fibers, large muscle mass B) a high percentage of fast-twitch fibers, large muscle mass C) a high percentage of slow-twitch fibers, greatly increased vascularity D) a high percentage of fast-twitch fibers, greatly increased vascularity E) a high percentage of slow-twitch fibers, high myoglobin content 41. "Pull-ups" are easier to do with the hands supinated than with the hands pronated. An explanation for this is A) the biceps brachii is attached to the radial tuberosity. B) the biceps brachii supinates the forearm. C) if the forearm is pronated, the biceps brachii is ineffective in flexing the forearm. D) the brachialis is a much smaller muscle than the biceps brachii. E) All of these contribute to a full and proper explanation. 42. A) B) C) D) E) Carl Daver, your anatomy and physiology instructor, is conducting a field trip, and notices a dog approaching a fire hydrant Always alert to instructional opportunities, he excitedly says, "Now watch as the dog utilizes his _____ and _____ muscles to lift his leg." iliopsoas, gluteus medius gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae gluteus maximus, adductor longus iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris gluteus medius, adductor longus Page 125 43. The __________ is the lowest level of organization that is composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin proteins. A) myofilament B) myofibril C) muscle fiber D) muscle fasciculus E) whole skeletal muscle 44. A) B) C) D) E) The __________ is attached to bones via tendons. myofilament myofibril muscle fiber muscle fasciculus whole skeletal muscle 45. The __________ is composed of a group of myofilaments separated by sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. A) myofilament B) myofibril C) muscle fiber D) muscle fasciculus E) whole skeletal muscle 46. A) B) C) D) E) The ___________ is a group of muscle cells surrounded by perimysium. myofilament myofibril muscle fiber muscle fasciculus whole skeletal muscle 47. A) B) C) D) E) A _________ is a single muscle cell. myofilament myofibril muscle fiber muscle fasciculus whole skeletal muscle Page 126 48. A) B) C) D) E) Muscles that work together to cause movement are called origins insertions agonists antagonists prime movers 49. The ____________ is a muscle in a group that plays a major role in a desired movement. A) origin B) insertion C) agonist D) antagonist E) prime mover 50. A) B) C) D) E) The ___________ is the most stationary end of a muscle. origin insertion agonist antagonist prime mover 51. A) B) C) D) E) The muscle that works in opposition to another muscle is the origin insertion agonist antagonist prime mover 52. The ____________ is the end of a muscle attached to a bone undergoing the greatest movement. A) origin B) insertion C) agonist D) antagonist E) prime mover Page 127 53. A) B) C) D) E) All of the following are functions of muscle EXCEPT: Body movement Production of red blood cells Constriction of organs and vessels Maintenance of posture Production of body heat 54. The specific molecules that provide calcium binding sites on actin are __________ molecules. A) troponin B) tropomyosin C) titin D) myosin 55. A) B) C) D) E) The ____________ consists of only actin myofilaments. A band I band H zone M line Z disk 56. A) B) C) D) E) The _________ is the smooth ER of a muscle fiber and stores calcium ions. sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcomere sarcoplasm T tubules Ans: B Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 57. The _______ phase is the time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of a contraction. A) lag B) relaxation C) contraction D) refractory Ans: A Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge Page 128 58. In __________ contraction the amount of tension increases during contraction, but the length of the muscle does not change. A) concentric B) eccentric C) isotonic D) isometric 59. A) B) C) D) This figure illustrates a(n) ___________ molecule. titin myosin actin tubulin 60. A) B) C) D) E) The letter A in this figure represents titin myosin tropomyosin tubulin troponin 61. A) B) C) D) E) The letter A in this figure represents the A band the M line a sarcomere the I band a Z disk Page 129 62. A) B) C) D) E) The letter B in this figure points to the A band the M line a sarcomere the I band a Z disk 63. A) B) C) D) E) The letter A in this figure represents the action potential synaptic vesicles acetylcholine molecules synaptic cleft sodium ions 64. A) B) C) D) E) The letter B in this figure represents action potential synaptic vesicles acetylcholine molecules synaptic cleft sodium ions Page 130 65. A) B) C) D) E) The muscle designated by the letter A is the buccinator masseter orbicularis oculi temporalis orbicularis oris 66. The muscle designated by the _____ is responsible for retracting the angle of the mouth and flattening the cheek. A) letter A B) letter B C) letter C D) letter D E) letter E Page 131 67. A) B) C) D) E) The muscle designated by the letter A is the levator scapulae rhomboids supraspinatus teres major latissiums dorsi 68. A) B) C) D) E) Which of the rotator cuff muscles CANNOT be visualized on the figure? teres major subscapularis teres minor supraspinatus infraspinatus 69. A) B) C) D) E) The muscle designated by the letter A is the tensor fascia latae sartorius iliopsoas gracilis rectus femoris Page 132 70. The muscle designated by the _____ is responsible for flexing the hip and knee and laterally rotating the thigh. A) letter A B) letter B C) letter C D) letter D E) letter E 71. A) B) C) D) E) The muscle designated by the letter A is the soleus gastrocnemius fibularis longus tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus 72. The muscle designated by the _____ is responsible for dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot. A) letter A B) letter B C) letter C D) letter D E) letter E Page 133