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Mrs. Melquist Guided Notes Unit 10 The Human Body Ch. 38 Digestive & Excretory Systems Food & Energy - The _________ available in _______ can be _______________ by ______________ the ______ - When ________ is _______________, the _________ content of the _________ is converted to _________, which is ________________ in _____________ - The average ____________ needed for a __________________ is _________ Calories per _____ Nutrients - The ______________ that the ________ needs are __________, carbohydrates, _______, proteins, ______________, & minerals - Every ______ in the ________ needs _________ because many body ______________, including ____________ reactions, take place in ________ - Carbohydrates – main source of __________ for the ________ o _________ & _________ are main source of _______ o _____________ are broken down by _______________ system into simple ___________ & carried to ________ through _________ o _________ not immediately used for __________ are converted into ___________ carbs & ___________ in the _________ & in ________________ muscles - Fats – lipids – important to the _______ to produce ____ membranes, _____________ sheath, & certain ______________ - Proteins – supply _____ materials for __________ & _________ of structures like _______ & ____________ o Also have ______________ & ______________ functions - Vitamins - _________ molecules that help regulate _________ processes, often _____________ with ______________ - Minerals - _________________ nutrients the ________ needs o Includes: _____________, iron, & ______________ Nutrition & a Balanced Diet - The _________ Guide ______________ classifies _______ into __ groups & indicates how many ______________ from each __________ should be __________ every _____ The Process of Digestion - The _____________ system includes: the ___________, pharynx, _______________, stomach, small _________________, & large _________________ - Several major _______________ structures, including the ____________ glands, the ____________, & the _________, add _________________ to the ______________ system The Mouth - The _____________ of the _____________ system is to help convert ________ into simpler ________________ that can be ______________ & ________ by the ________ of the ________ - _________ cut & grind the _________, while the ______________ glands secrete __________, which helps to ______________ the _________ & make it _____________ to ________ - Amylase - _____________ found in ___________, that breaks the _____________ bonds in ______________ & releases _____________ The Esophagus - Esophagus - ________ tube, connects to the ____________ - _________ travels through ______________ by process of _________________ contractions of the _________ muscle _____________ in the ________________ The Stomach - Stomach – large ________________ sac, continues the ________________ & ____________ digestion of _________ The Small Intestine - Small intestine – where almost all of the digestive _____________ enter the _____________ o Most chemical _____________ & _______________ of _________ occurs in the ________ intestine Accessory Structures of Digestion - Pancreas - _________ that serves __ important functions: o 1. Produce _____________ that regulate ________ sugar levels o 2. Produces _______________ that break down ________, proteins, _________, & nucleic ________ o 3. Produces sodium _________________, a _______ that _______________ stomach _______ so ______________ can be effective - Liver – large __________ just above & to the _________ of the _____________ o Produce _______, a _________ loaded with __________ & _________ o It acts like _____________, dissolving & ________________ the droplets of _____ found in __________ foods o ______ is stored in the ________________ The Large Intestine - Large intestine – primary ______________ is to remove ___________ from _________________ material that is _______ Digestive System Disorders - Peptic ulcer – when powerful ________ released into the _____________ damage the __________ own _____________, producing a _______ in the ______ - ____________ occurs when not enough _________ is ______________ - ________________ occurs when too much _________ is ______________ The Excretory System - The ____________ play an ________________ role in maintaining ________________ - They remove _________ products from the ________; maintain blood ____; & regulate the ________ content of the ________ &, therefore, blood ____________ The Kidneys - Kidneys – located on either side of the __________ column near the lower _______ - Ureter - _________ that leaves each ___________, carrying _________ to the ____________ bladder - Urinary bladder – saclike _______ where ________ is stored before being ____________ Kidney Structure - Nephron – the ______________ units of the ___________ - As _________ enters a _____________ through the ______________, _____________ are filtered out & ____________ into the ___________ duct - The purified ________ exits the ____________ through the ___________ Filtration - Filtration – passing a _________ or ______ through a ___________ - Glomerulus – where the _____________ of _________ takes place Reabsorption - Reabsorption – process where _________ is taken back into a ___________ - ___________ that remains, called __________, is ___________ into a collecting _______ - _________ contains _________, excess ________, & _________ - __________ is stored in the _____________ bladder until released from the ________ through the ___________ Kidney Stones - Sometimes, ___________, magnesium, or _______ acid _________ in the ___________, crystallize & form kidney ___________