Download Chapter 5 Lesson 3:The Cell and Inheritance

Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 3 Lesson 1
Cell
the basic unit of structure and function in living things
Cell theory
a widely accepted explanation of the relationship
between cells and living things
Unicellular
made of a single cell
Multicellular
consisting of many cells
Tissue
a group of similar cell that perform the same function
Organ
a structure in the body that is composed of different
kinds of tissue
Organ system
a group of organs that work together to perform a
major function in the body
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 3 Lesson 2
Organelle
a tiny structure that carries out a specific function within
the cell
Cell wall
a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells
of plants and some other organisms
Cytoskeleton
a protein “framework” inside the cell that gives a cell its
shape
Cell membrane
the outside cell boundary that controls which
substances can enter or leave the cell
Nucleus
the control center of a eukaryotic cell that directs the
cell’s activities and contains the information that
determines the cell’s form and structure
Cytoplasm
the material within a cell wall apart from the nucleus
Mitochondria
rod-shaped cell structures that convert energy infood
molecules to energy the cell can use to cary out its
functions
Endoplasmic reticulum
a cell structure that forms passageways in which
proteins and other materials are carried through the cell
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Ribosome
a small grain like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell
where proteins are made
Golgi body
a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other
newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum,
packages them, and distributes them to other parts of
the cell.
Chloroplast
a structure in the cells of plants and some other
organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses
it to produce food
Vacuole
a sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area
Lysosome
a small, round cell structure containing chemicals that
break down large food particles into smaller ones
Chapter 3 Lesson 3
Element
any substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances
Compound
two or more elements that are chemically
combined
Carbohydrate
an energy rich organic compound made of the
elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Protein
large organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
Amino acid
a small molecule that is linked chemically to other
amino acids to form proteins
Enzyme
a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in a
living thing
Lipid
energy rich organic compound such as fat, oil, or
wax that is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Nucleic acid
vary large organic molecule made of carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus that
contains the instructions cells need to carry out all the
functions of life
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that
carries information about an organism and is passed
from parent to offspring
RNA
ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an
important role in the production of proteins
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 3 Lesson 4
Selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allow some
substances to pass through, while others cannot
Diffusion
the process by which molecules move from an area of
higher concentration to and area of lower
concentration
Osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively
permeable membrane
Passive transport
the movement of materials through a cell’s membrane
without using the cell’s energy
Active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane
using enegy
Chapter 4 Lesson 1
Photosynthesis
the process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight
and sues it to make food
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
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Autotroph
an organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph
an organism that cannot make its own food
Pigment
a colored chemical compound that absorbs light and
can be used to color other materials
Chlorophyll
the main photosynthetic pigment founding the
chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
Stomata
small openings on a leaf through which oxygen ane
carbon dioxide
Chapter 4 Lesson 2
Respiration
the process by which cell break down simple food
molecules such as glucose to release the energy they
contain
Fermentation
the process by which cells break down molecules to
release energy without using oxygen
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 4 Lesson 3
Cell cycle
the regular sequence of growth and division that cells
undergo
Interphase
the stage of the cell cycle that takes place before cell
division occurs
Replication
the process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA
and its nucleus
Mitosis
the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s
nucleus divides in two new nuclei and one copy of the
DNA is distributed into each daughter cell
Chromosome
a doubled rod of condensed chromatin
Cytokinesis
the final stage of the cell cycle in which the cell’s
cytoplasm divides , distributing the organelles into each
of the two new cells
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 4 Lesson 4
Differentiation
the process by which cells change in structure and
become capable of carrying out specialized functions
Stem cell
a cell that can differentiate throughout life
Chapter 5 Lesson 1
Heredity
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Trait
a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its
offspring though its genes
Genetics
the scientific study if heredity
Fertilization
the joining of a sperm and egg
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Purebred
the offspring of many generations that have the same
traits
Gene
the set of information that controls a trait: a segment of
DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Alleles
the different forms of a gene
Dominant allele
an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism
when the allele is present
Recessive allele
an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is
present
Hybrid
an organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an
organism that is heterozygous for a specific trait
Chapter 5 Lesson 2
Probability
a number that describes how likely it is that an event will
occur
Punnett Square
a chart that shows all the possible combinations th
alleles that result in a genetic cross
Phenotype
an organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Genotype
an organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations
Homozygous
having two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
having two different alleles for a trait
Codominance
a condition in which neither of the two alleles of a gene
is dominant or recessive
Chapter 5 Lesson 3
Sexual reproduction
a reproductive process that involves two parents that
combine their genetic material to produce a now
organism, which differs from both parents
Diploid
describes a cell that has two sets if chromosomes, one
from each parent
Meiosis
the process that occurs in the formation of sex cells
(sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes
is reduced by half
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 5 Lesson 4
Messenger RNA
RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the
nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm
Transfer RNA
RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the
ribosome and adds it to the growing protein chain
Mutation
a change in a gene or chromosome
Multiple alleles
Chapter 6 Lesson 1
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
Sex chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes carrying genes that determine
whether a person is male or female
Sex-linked gene
a gene that is carried in the X or Y chromosome
Carrier
a person who has one recessive allele for a trait, but
does no have the trait
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 6 Lesson 2
Genetic disorder
an abnormal condition that a person inherits through
genes or chromosomes
Pedigree
a chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a
family have a particular trait
Karyotype
a picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell arranged in
pairs
Chapter 6 Lesson 3
Selective breeding
the process of selecting a few organisms with desired
traits to serve as parents of the next generation
Inbreeding
a selective breeding method in which two with identical
or similar sets of alleles are crossed
Hybridization
a selective breeding method in which two genetically
different individuals are crossed
Clone
an organism that is genetically identical to the organism
from which it was produced
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Genetic engineering
the transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism
into another organism
Gene therapy
the insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of
a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct
the disorder
Genome
all of the DNA in one cell of an organism
Chapter 7 Lesson 1
Species
a group of organisms that are physically similar and can
mate with each other and produce offspring that can
also mate and reproduce
Fossil
the preserved remains or traces of an organism that
lived in the past
Adaptation
a behavior or physical characteristic that allows and
organism to survive or reproduce in its environment
Evolution
the gradual change in a species over time
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Scientific theory
a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of
observations
Natural selection
a process by which individuals that are better adapted
to their environment are more likely to survive and
reproduce than others of the same species
Variation
a difference or deviation in structure oe character from
others of the same species oe group
Chapter 7 Lesson 2
Comparative anatomy
the comparison of the structures of different organisms
Homologous structures
body parts that are structurally similar in related species
Mold
a type of fossil formed when a shell or other hard part of
an organism dissolves leaving and empty space in
space of the part
Cast
a type of fossil that forms when a mold becomes filled
with minerals that then harden
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Petrified fossil
fossil formed when minerals replace all or part of an
organism
Trace fossil
a type of fossil that provides evidence of the activities of
the activities of ancient organisms
Paleontologist
a scientist who studies fossils
Gradualism
the theory that evolution occurs slowly and steadily
Punctuated equilibria
the theory that species evolve during short periods of
rapid change
Chapter 7 Lesson 3
Habitat
the specific environment that provides the things and
organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce
Extinct (ion)
the disappearance of all members of a species from
the Earth
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 7 Lesson 4
Classification
the process of grouping things based on their
similarities
Taxonomy
the scientific study of how living things are classified
Binomial nomenclature
the system for naming organisms in which each
organism is given a unique, two-part scientific name
Genus
a classification grouping that consists of a number of
similar, closely related species
Prokaryote
an organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and some other
cell structures
Eukaryote
an organism whose cells contain nuclei
Chapter 7 Lesson 5
Branching tree diagram
a diagram that shows how scientists think different
groups of organisms are related
Shared derived characteristic
a characteristic-usually a homologous structure –shared
by all organisms is a group
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Chapter 16 Lesson 1
Endocrine gland
a structure of the endocrine system that produces and
releases its chemical products directly into the
bloodstream
Hormone
a chemical product of an endocrine gland that produces
a certain effect such as growth or development
Target cell
a cell in the body that recognizes a hormone’s chemical
structure
Hypothalamus
a part of the brain that links the nervous system and the
endocrine system
Pituitary gland
an endocrine gland that controls many body activities
Negative feedback
a process in which a system is turned off by the
condition it produces
Chapter 16 Lesson 2
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Egg
a female sex cell
Sperm
a male sex cell
Testis
organ of the make reproductive system in whuch sperm
and testosterone are produces
Testosterone
a hormone produces by the testes that controls the
development of physical characteristics in mature men
Scrotum
an external pouch of skin in which the testes are located
Semen
a mixture of sperm and fluids
Penis
the organ through which both semen and urine leave
the body
Urethra
a small tube through which urine flows from the body
Ovary
a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and
seeds as they develop; organ of the female reproductive
system in which eggs and estrogen are produced
Estrogen
a hormone produced by the ovaries that controls the
development of eggs and adult female characteristics
Fallopian tube
a passageway for eggs from an ovary to the uterus
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Uterus
the hollow muscular organ of the female reproductive
system in which a fertilized egg develops
Vagina
a muscular passageway leading to the outside of the
body; also called the birth canal
Menstrual cycle
the cycle of changes that occurs in the female
reproductive system , during which an egg develops
and the uterus prepares for the arrival of a fertilized egg
Follicle
structure in the dermis of the skn from which a strand of
hair grows; grouping of cells in which an egg matures in
an ovary
Ovulation
the process in which a mature egg is released from the
ovary into the Fallopian Tube
Menstruation
the process in which the thickened lining of the uterus
breaks down and blood and tissue then pass out of the
female body
Chapter 16 Lesson 3
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Jarek Jankowski #13
Science 8
10/27/10
Embryo
a young organism that develops from a zygote; a
developing human during the first eight weeks of
fertilization
Differentiation
the process by which cells change in structure and
become capable of carrying out specialized functions
Fetus
a developing human from the ninth week of
development until birth
Amniotic sac
an egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep
the embryo moist
Placenta
a membrane that becomes a link between the
developing embryo or fetus and the mother
Umbilical cord
a ropelike structure that forms between the embryo and
the fetus and the placenta
Adolescence
the stage of development between childhood and
adulthood when children become adults physically and
mentally
Puberty
the period of sexual development in which the body
becomes able to reproduce
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