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Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ Earth Space Science HONORS Semester 2 Review Unit 6 – Climate & Weather Essential questions: What determines climate? How does the angle of the sun’s rays impact climate differently from the equator to the poles? What effect do lakes and oceans have on climate? What effect does geography have on climate? How can global climate change be studied? How have different conditions on earth contributed to global climate change? How have astronomical conditions contributed to global climate change? What impacts have humans had on global climate change? What role does the sun play in atmospheric and oceanic cycles? What are some ways that oceans influence climate change? How is CO2 absorbed in the ocean and how does this effect climate? What is weather? How do the different air masses’ names and locations describe them? What are the characteristics of each type of front? How does weather play a role in the redistribution of thermal energy (heat) around the Earth? What types of tools are used to collect weather data and how are they used? How can current weather conditions be used to predict future weather conditions? What can affect a model’s effectiveness? Describe each type of severe weather and their causes? How do hurricane and tornado characteristics differ? What should you do when notified of a watch as well as a warning? How does Florida’s natural environment influence the behavior of people who live here? Key vocabulary: Climate Revolution Radiation Polar Precession Arctic Front Tropical Wave Tropical Storm Easterlies Hadley Cells Psychrometer Hygrometer Wind Vane Infrared Radar Severe Weather Lightning ESS Sem 2 HON Review Weather Tilt Tropical Ice Age Axis Antarctic Trough Tropical Depression Hurricane Westerlies Ferrel Cells Anemometer Thermometer Weather Symbols Visible-Light Satellite Imagery Weather Watch Humidity 7/25/2011 Topography Altitude Continental Interglacial Period El Nin᷉ o/La Nin᷉ a Maritime Squall Dry Line Tornado Jet Stream Polar Cells Barometer Rain Gauge Doppler Radar Electromagnetic Spectrum Weather Warning Pressure 1 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 1. What two primary factors define climate? 2. What effect does solar radiation have on climate when comparing the equator to polar-regions? 3. What effect do large bodies of water have on climate? 4. What effect does geography have on climate? 5. Complete the table to describe characteristics of climate for the diverse areas. Geographic Area Characteristics Tropical Dry Moderate/Mild Continental Polar 6. Describe how climate would be influenced if: a. Earth’s distance from the sun was to change. b. Earth’s tilt changed. 7. Describe how climate would be influenced if: a. An asteroid or comet would impact earth. b. Solar activity decreased and increased. ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 2 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 8. Describe each method used to study climate change. Method Description Ice Core Samples Sea Floor Sediment Fossils Tree Rings 9. How can volcanic eruptions contribute to global climate change? 10. How are cyclical patterns of ice ages and interglacial periods related to global climate changes? 11. Describe the impacts human activity has on climate change. 12. Explain the role the sun plays in atmospheric cycles? 13. Explain the role the sun plays in oceanic cycles? 14. Describe how CO2 is absorbed in the ocean and the effect it has on climate. ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 3 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 15. Compare and contrast climate and weather. 16. Name and describe each air mass. Air Mass Location Characteristics Continental Arctic (Continental Antarctic) Continental Polar Continental Tropical Maritime Polar Maritime Tropical 17. Analyze the data in the table above to describe how air mass’ names and locations describe them? ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 4 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 18. Describe the weather most commonly associated with warm fronts. 19. Describe the weather most commonly associated with cold fronts. 20. Describe the following weather map symbols. Sky Cover Symbols: Meaning: Wind Symbols: Stick stick & feather stick & ½ feather Meaning: Front Symbols: Meaning: Weather Symbols: dot · · Meaning: ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 5 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 21. How does radiant energy from the sun affect air currents and their influence on weather? 22. Describe what each weather instrument measures. Instrument What it measures? Psychrometer Anemometer Barometer Hydrometer Thermometer Rain gauge Wind vane Radar Doppler Radar Satellite Imagery 23. Describe how current weather conditions are used to predict future conditions? 24. What are the limitations of weather models? 25. What affect do limitations of models have on ability to predict weather? ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 6 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 26. What factors can lead to severe weather? 27. What are the life stages of a thunderstorm? 28. How does lightning occur? 29. Compare and contrast a severe weather watch and a warning ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 7 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 30. Label the parts of the hurricane. 31. How do the listed events of Florida’s natural environment influence human behavior? Event Affect on behavior Strong solar radiation High humidity Thunderstorms Lightning Tropical Storms Hurricanes Beach erosion Red Tide Rip Currents ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 8 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ Unit 7: Solar System Essential questions: What are the physical properties of the Sun? What is the internal structure of the sun? How does the Sun affect conditions and events on Earth? How has the model of our Solar System changed over time? Why? How does this change in Solar System models demonstrate the scientific process? How are planetary systems formed? Why are planets closer to the sun made of different substances than planets farther from the sun? Why do some planets appear to move backward in the sky? How are planetary systems discovered? What are Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion? What are Newton’s Laws and how do they apply to a planetary system? What are some ways that the motions of the Earth, moon and sun influence each other? How are astronomical distances measured within the solar system? Key vocabulary: Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Radiative Zone Convection Zone Convection Conduction Radiation Geocentric Model Heliocentric Model Retrograde Motion Kepler’s Laws Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Spring Tides Neap Tides Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse Constellation Astronomical Unit Light Years Parsec Practice: 32. Label the features of the sun in the diagram below. Draw in the features that are missing. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Radiative Zone Convection Zone Chromosphere Photosphere Core Solar prominences Sunspots Corona ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 9 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 33. Describe how the Sun affects life on Earth. 34. Label the diagram below: Heliocentric model or Geocentric model. _________________________________ _________________________________ 35. Explain the difference between the Heliocentric and Geocentric models and the evidence use to support each. 36. Describe the formation of planetary systems. ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 10 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 37. Describe how heat and melting points explain the composition of the inner planets, the outer planets, asteroids, and comets. 38. Describe retrograde motion to explain observations of some planets. 39. Describe how planetary systems have been discovered. 40. List Kepler’s Laws and describe how they relate/apply to the heliocentric model of the solar system. 41. How do Newton’s Laws describe the attraction among the Earth, Moon, and Sun? ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 11 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 42. On the diagram below, label the phases of the moon. 43. The tides which occur at full and new moon phases are: a. Neap tides b. Spring tides c. Low tides 44. The tides that occur at first and last quarter phases are: a. Neap tides b. Spring tides c. High tides 45. Label each season in the Northern Hemisphere based on the Earth’s position. ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 12 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ Unit 8: Universe and Galaxies Essential questions: • • • • • • • • • • • • What evidence is used to develop the Big Bang Theory? What evidence is used to verify the Big Bang Theory? What is cosmic background radiation (CBR) and how was it discovered? How does the proposal of the existence of dark matter and dark energy demonstrate the creative nature of science when constructing scientific explanations? How does the variety of evidence used to support the Big Bang Theory make it a more durable scientific theory? What patterns are observed in the organization and distribution of matter in the universe? What factors determine the organization and distribution of matter in the universe? How are stars formed? How does a star’s mass determine its evolution? What can be determined by the color of a star? Why is a star considered a blackbody radiator? What methods have been used to measure astronomical distances outside of the solar system? What is the difference between astronomy and astrology? Key vocabulary: Big Bang Theory Cosmic background radiation Scientific Theory Mass Red Shift Space Magnitude Range Astronomical unit Blackbody Radiator Astronomy Astrology Practice: 46. Explain the "big bang" theory. 47. What is a “redshift”? How does it support the “big bang” theory? 48. What are the two main types of satellites? ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 13 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 49. Describe how the following evidence supports the Big Bang Theory. Evidence Red Shift How does this evidence support the theory? Cosmic Background Radiation Age of Star Clusters 50. What is the life span and final outcome of low, medium and massive size stars? Low mass star →_____ trillion years →final outcome is the _____________________. Medium mass star →_____ billion years →final outcome is the _____________________. Massive star →_____ million years →final outcomes can be either the __________________or _____________ . 51. How are the following methods used to measure distance? Distance method Purpose Parallax Uses color and magnitude Cepheid Variables Measures farthest objects 52. What two effects do the seasons have on the Earth? ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 14 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ 53. What is the movement of Earth on its axis called? a. Rotation b. Phases c. Floatation d. Revolution 54. Which of the following correctly describes the movement of Earth, Moon and sun? a. Sun revolves around Moon, Moon revolves around Earth b. Sun and Moon revolve around Earth c. Moon revolves around sun, Earth revolves around Moon d. Moon revolves around Earth, Earth revolves around sun 55. Honors Extension: Below is a schematic diagram of the local sky as observed from Arecibo. Imaging that you are standing at the center looking up. Label on this diagram the following: a. b. c. d. e. f. Horizon Zenith Cardinal directions N,S,E,W North Celestial Pole Celestial Equator Azimuth 56. Explain why astronomy is considered a science and astrology is considered a pseudoscience. Unit 9: Space Exploration Essential questions: How has the development of astronomy evolved from Earth-bound explorations to sending probes into space? How does space exploration help scientists learn about the universe? How have scientists justified future space exploration? How is electromagnetic radiation arranged on the Electromagnetic Spectrum? What instruments are used to detect electromagnetic radiation? How have these observational tools evolved since the 1600s? How has space exploration affected Florida’s economy? How has space exploration affected Florida’s culture? ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 15 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ Key vocabulary: Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic spectrum Frequency Radiation Speed of light Wavelength Light Practice: 57. Compare and contrast unmanned space probes with manned space missions. 58. Complete the chart below Manned Space Missions What was the purpose of the mission? What have we learned as a result of this mission? Mercury ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 16 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ Gemini Apollo Space Transportation System (STS) Skylab Mir ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 17 Name: ___________________________________ Pd. _______ Date: _________________ International Space Station (ISS) Use the chart below and answer the questions in the space provided. 59. What kind of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength? The longest? 60. What kind or kinds of electromagnetic radiation are associated with each of these sources? hot bodies quasars stars x-ray tubes slowing down of high-energy particles 61. Identify two ways in which space exploration has influenced Florida’s economy and culture. ESS Sem 2 HON Review 7/25/2011 18