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Fall Semester Final: Earth Science 2010-2011 Mrs. Greenberg, Room 97 Four branches of earth science, what sphere of earth each studies, examples of each science’s natural phenomena. How earth was formed: the nebular hypothesis. Ecology, biosphere. Steps of the Scientific Method – in order! Hypothesis vs Theory vs Law Properties of Stars: Size, Color, Temperature, Age, Binary Star Systems What is a light year? Absolute vs Apparent Magnitude Hertzprung-Russell Diagram (HR Diagram). Main Sequence Star. White Dwarf. Red Giant. The differences between a star and a planet. Nebula. Protostar. Planetary Nebula. Black and White Dwarfs. Novas. Neutron Star. Super Novas. Black Holes. Quasars. Plasma. Nuclear Fusion. Radiant Energy. Hydrogen fuses into Helium. Galaxies: Spiral/ Barred Spiral/ Elliptical/ Irregular. The Big Bang. The Doppler Effect. Red Shift. Blue Shift. Hubble’s Law. Size and Age of the Universe. Cosmic Microwave Background. Dark Matter. What did these people contribute to astronomy: Aristotle; Erosthenes; Aristarchus; Ptolemy; Tycho Brahe; Nicholas Copernicus; Galilleo; Johannes Keppler; Isaac Newton Kepple’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion – what are they? Circle vs. Ellipse What did Galileo see with his telescope to prove that the Sun is the center of the Solar System? Heliocentric Solar System vs Geocentric Solar System Newton’s Three Laws of Universal Gravitation Motions of Earth: Rotation; Revolution; Precession Perihelion; Aphelion How are Seasons caused? Spring and Autumn Equinox; Summer and Winter Solstice. Polaris – the North Star. Lunar Phases. New moon, full moon, quarter, gibbous, crescent. Waxing vs Waning. Perigee vs Apogee. The Earth-Moon planetary-satellite system. How does the moon effect the earth’s movements? What is the moon’s gravity compared to earth’s? What doesn’t the moon have that the earth does? Surface Features of the Moon: Maria; Lunar Highlands; Craters; Rilles; Regolith. Solar Eclipse; Lunar Eclipse. Umbra vs Penumbra. Why doesn’t earth have a solar eclipse every month? High Tide; Low Tide; Spring Tide; Neap Tide; Tidal Range; Tidal Bulge. How many high and low tides are there each day? How many Spring Tides and Neap Tides are there each month? Where are the most extreme tides found – equator or poles?