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BI 200 – Midterm Exam #1A Spring 2004 Name Lab Section. Seat# Disclaimer Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated. Multiple choice - 1 point each. 1. Cells take in raw materials and discards wastes; this is called a. b. c. d. e. replication transcription metabolism differentiation conjugation 2. A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease. B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose. (a) (b) (c) (d) only (A) is true only (B) is true both (A) and (B) are true neither (A) nor (B) are true 3. DNA polymerase is responsible for: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) translation DNA replication transcription all of the above none of the above 4. Permanent changes in cellular characteristics are the result of A) chemical signaling B) reproductive initiative. C) evolution. D) none of the above 5. RNA polymerase is responsible for: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) translation DNA replication transcription all of the above none of the above 6. In eukaryotes ribosomes are often a. b. c. d. associated with the endoplasmic reticulum found in the nucleus made of microtubules completely absent 7. Viruses might not be considered “alive” because a. b. c. d. they don’t move they don’t carry out replication they don’t carry out metabolism they can’t change or evolve 8. Gram positive bacteria a. b. c. d. have a thick cell wall that is exposed to the environment. have a thick cell wall that is covered by the outer membrane have cell walls that contain the pyrogen lipopolysaccharide have cell walls that are flexible but excellent chemical barriers 9. Which is not true about the peptide interbridges peptidoglycan? a. b. c. d. e. formation is prevented by penicillin Gram positives like Staphylococcus aureus contain pentaglycine interbridges meso-diaminopimelic acid is present rare D-amino acids are present none of the above, all are true. 10. Microtubules are part of a. b. c. d. the cytoskeleton bacterial flagella the Golgi apparatus the nucleolus 11. Translation is carried out by _______________ and occurs at the ____________ in eukaryotic cells. a. b. c. d. RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome; nucleus none of the above, eukaryotes do not have a nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum 12. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct? a. b. c. d. C+T, 3 C+G, 2 C+G, 3 C+A, 3 13. According to the article “Clues to the fiery origin of life”, in general more ancient the origin of the organism, A) the more heat sensitive the organism will be B) the higher the temperature at which it is found to thrive C) the more likely it will be to colonize a new born baby. D) all of the above E) none of the above 14. Which of the following would have the highest optimum growth temperature? A) the bacterium Thermotoga B) cyanobacterium C) the archaean Thermoproteus D) Halophiles E) plants 15. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile? A) the human body B) a glacier C) the Great Salt lake D) Icelandic hot springs E) a cow’s rumen 16. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the technique of __________ where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of _________________. A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture B) enrichment media; chemical evolution C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures D) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting E) enrichment culture; PCR 17. Which of the following statements describing the abundance of microbes in and on the human body is true according to the article “Earth’s dominant life form”? A) at least 400 species begin to set up housekeeping in [a] baby B) every year each person excretes his or her own body weight in bacteria C) the number of microbes that colonize the body exceeds the number of cells in the body by tenfold to one-hundredfold. D) all of the above E) none of the above 18. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to _____________years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils resembling _______________. A) 2 billion; cyanobacteria B) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus C) 4,000; Linnaeus D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites E) none of the above is reasonable 19. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably _______________ reactions; and these occurred _________________. A) dehydration /in the atmosphere B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces C) dehydration /in the open ocean D) dehydration / on exposed surfaces 20. The earliest RNA probably functioned in A) catalysis B) genetic coding C) both catalysis and genetic coding D) neither catalysis nor genetic coding 21. The size of the most useful RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is A) 5S B) 16S C) 18S D) 23S 22. Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms that includes the A) Cyanobacteria B) Proteobacteria such as Paracoccus C) Methanogenic bacteria D) another eukaryote 23. Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding? A) The chloroplast is a descendent of the cyanobacteria B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast C) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria shared a common ancestor D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related 24. The presence of membrane-enclosed organelles is a characteristic of A) prokaryotic cells. C) all cells. B) eukaryotic cells. D) viruses. 25. The progenote A) was most likely a eukaryote B) was most likely a prokaryote C) was isolated by Winogradsky D) is pathogenic 26. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot reach is probably a ______________ and a _______________. A) phototroph; alkaliphile B) chemotroph; barophile C) chemotroph; alkaliphile D) phototroph; barophile 27. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt and sunlight to grow. It is A) a halophile B) a chemolithotroph C) a phototroph D) a and b E) a and c 28. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2. It is A) a acidophile B) a chemolithotroph C) a heterotroph D) a and b E) a and c 29. Maltose enters the cell with the help of three proteins: a periplasmic binding protein, a channel protein in the membrane, and an ATP kinase on the inside of the cell. a. b. c. d. e. Passive diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Group translocation “ABC” transport 30. Glucose is chemically altered upon entering the cell. a. b. c. d. e. Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Group translocation 31. Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration. a. b. c. d. e. Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Group translocation 32. Glycerol enters the cell by moving from high concentration to low concentration, and does show saturation kinetics. a. b. c. d. e. Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Group translocation 33. Lactose enters the cell at the same time as a proton. a. b. c. d. primary active transport secondary active transport - uniporter secondary active transport - symporter secondary active transport - antiporter 34. Which of the following bacteria is most similar to the forerunner of the hydrogenosome found in anaerobic protozoa? a. b. c. d. Methanosarcina Hydrogenobacter Clostridium Alcalignenes 35. The E. coli chromosome contains about _________ base pairs. a. b. c. d. 4 4,000 4.5 x 106 4.5 x 109 36. Which of the following are composed of protein? a. b. c. d. e. PHB Sulfur granules S-layer magnetite all of the above 37. Which is involved in “mating” or conjugation in bacteria like E. coli? a. b. c. d. e. glycocalyx fimbriae spore pili gamete Short Answer – 1 point each Do bacteria judge their environment by area (spatially) or over the course of time (temporally)? Amoeba slink along with a false “foot” formed from reshaping their cytoskeleton. This extension is called a Match the prokaryotic cell feature with the type of organism in (or on) which it might be found. 3.5 points _____ Sulfur granule A. An Archaea with no pseudomurein _____ Endospore B. Streptococcus mutans causing tooth decay _____ Magnetosome C. A Sulfur-oxidizing lithotroph like Beggiatoa _____ Capsule D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae _____ S-Layer E. A microaerophile such as Aquaspirillum _____ Gas vesicle F. Bacillus or Clostridium _____ Fimbriae G. A cyanobacterium like Anabena Circle the chemical structure to the left that is the carboxyl group Circle the chemical structure to the left that is the ester linkage Is the sugar molecule to the left an alpha or beta form of glucose? Which of these would be found in RNA? Which of these would be found in DNA? Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5) the base would attach on one of the structures. Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5) the phosphate would attach on one of the structures. Indicate which polysaccharides to the left would soluble and digestible, and which would make a good cell wall material. Mark all three. Indicate which structure has an ether linkage, and which has an ester linkage. Mark all three. Are ether linkages found in lipids of archaea, eukaryotes, or bacteria? Which diagram shows a phospholipid monolayer? What type of archaea would have a phospholipid monolayer? What is the name (abbreviation will due) of the polymer depicted on the left? What do the storage granules provide for the bacteria? Why are these storage granules of particular interest to people? Complete the following narrative by circling the appropriate name or term in each parenthesis so that each sentence is accurate. 1 point each The scope of Microbiology has been defined by a quote from (Pasteur, Champine, Stanier, Venter) “Microorganisms are by definition too small to see.” The only feature that they have in common is their small size – less than (0.2 m, 0.2 mm, 0.2 μm, 0.2 nm). The largest are the (archaea, metazoa, protozoa, viruses) which are studied in the field of (parasitology, virology, bacteriology, botany). Single-celled animals are referred to as (archaea, metazoa, protozoa, viruses) and include the major sub groupings of (Gram positives, bacteriophage, chrysophyta, ciliates), sporozites, flagellates, and (Gram negatives, sarcondinians, chlorophyta, methanogens). The latter include the irregularly shaped (Staphylococcus, Volvox, Amoeba) which slinks along with its pseudopodia or “false foot”. Microscopic photosynthetic eukaryotes include (Green algae, sarcondinians, thermophiles, methanogens). The fungi have two representative shapes the oval yeast and the more filamentous (molds, icoshedra, ciliates, cocci). The fungi are (always, sometimes, never) pathogens. The two groups of prokaryotic microbes are the (bacteria, eukarya, archaea, viruses) and the (bacteria, eukarya, archaea, viruses). The bacteria like E. coli are typically (2 m, 2 mm, 2 μm, 2 nm) in length and have relatively simple shapes like the cocci, bacilli, and the (spirillum, alpha helix, icoshedron, ciliates). The three major groupings of the archaea are the (Gram positive, methanogens, bacteriophage), (Gram negatives, yeasts, thermophiles) and the halophiles. The smallest of the microorganisms are the (bacteria, eukarya, archaea, viruses) which are less than (0.2 m, 0.2 mm, 0.2 μm, 0.2 nm) in size. The typical shapes are helical and the (molds, icoshedra, ciliates, cocci). (5 points) Describe the FIRST stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the small molecules that came together to form monomers and what energy sources were available? Where did this occur? What gas was missing? Give the names of several monomers that resulted. How can this process be demonstrated in the laboratory? Match the scientist with their contribution to Microbiology. 9 points _____ Koch _____ Pasteur _____Lister _____ Fleming _____ Beijerinck _____Winogradsky A) Organic chemist who studied fermentation and food spoilage B) Isolated many soil and aquatic microorganisms. C) Study of hot springs bacteria led to better understanding of original life on Earth D) Led the sequencing of the human genome E) Discovered penicillin and lysozyme _____ Brock F. First to make detailed observation of microbes G. Developed the concept of lithotrophy _____ van Leuuwenhoek H. Developed pure culture technique _____ Venter I. Emphasized hygiene to control contagions What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) 2 points 1. 2. 3. 4. (1 point) Consider the disease Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that is caused by the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV). Considering the fact that HIV only infects human beings, indicate the problem in applying Koch’s postulates by answering the following question: If HIV is lethal and infects only people, which postulate would be affected? What would be the moral problem in fulfilling this postulate? Complete the following table comparing the typical arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. 4 points Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Shape of Chromosome Copies of Each Chromosome Where is it found in the cell? Does supercoiling involves histones? (2 points) What are three advantages of having a capsule? Put a star by the most important. A- B- C- (2 points) Bacterial endospores are (true or false) _____ resistant to heat _____ metabolically active _____ rich in Calcium _____ formed on the inside of cells (4 points) Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic motility by completing the following table. Trait or Property Appendages related to motility Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Name of proteins that appendages are composed of Motion of appendages (What man-made structures do they resemble?) What form of energy is required for motion? Complete the following table, indicating the chemical structure of cell walls. 4 pts Microorganism Polymer Bond Arrangement Sub-units 1->4 Algae Fungi Bacteria Archaea Pseudomurein N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltauronic acid