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BI 200 – Midterm Exam #1A
Spring 2004
Name
Lab Section. Seat#
Disclaimer
Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice).
You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit,
you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated.
Multiple choice - 1 point each.
1. Cells take in raw materials and discards wastes; this is called
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
replication
transcription
metabolism
differentiation
conjugation
2.
A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development
of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease.
B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
only (A) is true
only (B) is true
both (A) and (B) are true
neither (A) nor (B) are true
3. DNA polymerase is responsible for:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
translation
DNA replication
transcription
all of the above
none of the above
4. Permanent changes in cellular characteristics are the result of
A) chemical signaling
B) reproductive initiative.
C) evolution.
D) none of the above
5. RNA polymerase is responsible for:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
translation
DNA replication
transcription
all of the above
none of the above
6. In eukaryotes ribosomes are often
a.
b.
c.
d.
associated with the endoplasmic reticulum
found in the nucleus
made of microtubules
completely absent
7. Viruses might not be considered “alive” because
a.
b.
c.
d.
they don’t move
they don’t carry out replication
they don’t carry out metabolism
they can’t change or evolve
8. Gram positive bacteria
a.
b.
c.
d.
have a thick cell wall that is exposed to the environment.
have a thick cell wall that is covered by the outer membrane
have cell walls that contain the pyrogen lipopolysaccharide
have cell walls that are flexible but excellent chemical barriers
9. Which is not true about the peptide interbridges peptidoglycan?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
formation is prevented by penicillin
Gram positives like Staphylococcus aureus contain pentaglycine interbridges
meso-diaminopimelic acid is present
rare D-amino acids are present
none of the above, all are true.
10. Microtubules are part of
a.
b.
c.
d.
the cytoskeleton
bacterial flagella
the Golgi apparatus
the nucleolus
11. Translation is carried out by _______________ and occurs at the ____________ in
eukaryotic cells.
a.
b.
c.
d.
RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome; nucleus
none of the above, eukaryotes do not have a nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum
12. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
C+T, 3
C+G, 2
C+G, 3
C+A, 3
13. According to the article “Clues to the fiery origin of life”, in general more ancient the
origin of the organism,
A) the more heat sensitive the organism will be
B) the higher the temperature at which it is found to thrive
C) the more likely it will be to colonize a new born baby.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
14. Which of the following would have the highest optimum growth temperature?
A) the bacterium Thermotoga
B) cyanobacterium
C) the archaean Thermoproteus
D) Halophiles
E) plants
15. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile?
A) the human body
B) a glacier
C) the Great Salt lake
D) Icelandic hot springs
E) a cow’s rumen
16. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the
technique of __________ where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small
amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of _________________.
A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture
B) enrichment media; chemical evolution
C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures
D) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting
E) enrichment culture; PCR
17. Which of the following statements describing the abundance of microbes in and on
the human body is true according to the article “Earth’s dominant life form”?
A) at least 400 species begin to set up housekeeping in [a] baby
B) every year each person excretes his or her own body weight in bacteria
C) the number of microbes that colonize the body exceeds the number of cells in the body
by tenfold to one-hundredfold.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
18. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to
_____________years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils
resembling _______________.
A) 2 billion; cyanobacteria
B) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus
C) 4,000; Linnaeus
D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites
E) none of the above is reasonable
19. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably _______________ reactions;
and these occurred _________________.
A) dehydration /in the atmosphere
B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces
C) dehydration /in the open ocean
D) dehydration / on exposed surfaces
20. The earliest RNA probably functioned in
A) catalysis
B) genetic coding
C) both catalysis and genetic coding
D) neither catalysis nor genetic coding
21. The size of the most useful RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is
A) 5S
B) 16S
C) 18S
D) 23S
22. Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic
organisms that includes the
A) Cyanobacteria
B) Proteobacteria such as Paracoccus
C) Methanogenic bacteria
D) another eukaryote
23. Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?
A) The chloroplast is a descendent of the cyanobacteria
B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast
C) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria shared a common ancestor
D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related
24. The presence of membrane-enclosed organelles is a characteristic of
A) prokaryotic cells.
C) all cells.
B) eukaryotic cells.
D) viruses.
25. The progenote
A) was most likely a eukaryote
B) was most likely a prokaryote
C) was isolated by Winogradsky
D) is pathogenic
26. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot
reach is probably a ______________ and a _______________.
A) phototroph; alkaliphile
B) chemotroph; barophile
C) chemotroph; alkaliphile
D) phototroph; barophile
27. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt
and sunlight to grow. It is
A) a halophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a phototroph
D) a and b
E) a and c
28. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2.
It is
A) a acidophile
B) a chemolithotroph
C) a heterotroph
D) a and b
E) a and c
29. Maltose enters the cell with the help of three proteins: a periplasmic binding protein,
a channel protein in the membrane, and an ATP kinase on the inside of the cell.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Passive diffusion
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
Group translocation
“ABC” transport
30. Glucose is chemically altered upon entering the cell.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Osmosis
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Group translocation
31. Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to
low concentration.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Osmosis
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Group translocation
32. Glycerol enters the cell by moving from high concentration to low concentration, and
does show saturation kinetics.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Osmosis
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Group translocation
33. Lactose enters the cell at the same time as a proton.
a.
b.
c.
d.
primary active transport
secondary active transport - uniporter
secondary active transport - symporter
secondary active transport - antiporter
34. Which of the following bacteria is most similar to the forerunner of the
hydrogenosome found in anaerobic protozoa?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Methanosarcina
Hydrogenobacter
Clostridium
Alcalignenes
35. The E. coli chromosome contains about _________ base pairs.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4
4,000
4.5 x 106
4.5 x 109
36. Which of the following are composed of protein?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
PHB
Sulfur granules
S-layer
magnetite
all of the above
37. Which is involved in “mating” or conjugation in bacteria like E. coli?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
glycocalyx
fimbriae
spore
pili
gamete
Short Answer – 1 point each
Do bacteria judge their environment by area (spatially) or over the course of time
(temporally)?
Amoeba slink along with a false “foot” formed from reshaping their cytoskeleton. This
extension is called a
Match the prokaryotic cell feature with the type of organism in (or on) which it might be
found. 3.5 points
_____ Sulfur granule
A. An Archaea with no pseudomurein
_____ Endospore
B. Streptococcus mutans causing tooth decay
_____ Magnetosome
C. A Sulfur-oxidizing lithotroph like Beggiatoa
_____ Capsule
D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
_____ S-Layer
E. A microaerophile such as Aquaspirillum
_____ Gas vesicle
F. Bacillus or Clostridium
_____ Fimbriae
G. A cyanobacterium like Anabena
Circle the chemical structure to the left
that is the carboxyl group
Circle the chemical structure to the left
that is the ester linkage
Is the sugar molecule to the left an alpha
or beta form of glucose?
Which of these would be found in RNA?
Which of these would be found in DNA?
Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5)
the base would attach on one of
the structures.
Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5)
the phosphate would attach on
one of the structures.
Indicate which polysaccharides to the
left would soluble and digestible, and
which would make a good cell wall
material. Mark all three.
Indicate which structure has an ether
linkage, and which has an ester linkage.
Mark all three.
Are ether linkages found in lipids of
archaea, eukaryotes, or bacteria?
Which diagram shows a phospholipid
monolayer?
What type of archaea would have a
phospholipid monolayer?
What is the name (abbreviation will due)
of the polymer depicted on the left?
What do the storage granules provide for
the bacteria?
Why are these storage granules of
particular interest to people?
Complete the following narrative by circling the appropriate name or term in each
parenthesis so that each sentence is accurate. 1 point each
The scope of Microbiology has been defined by a quote from (Pasteur, Champine,
Stanier, Venter) “Microorganisms are by definition too small to see.” The only feature
that they have in common is their small size – less than (0.2 m, 0.2 mm, 0.2 μm, 0.2
nm). The largest are the (archaea, metazoa, protozoa, viruses) which are studied in the
field of (parasitology, virology, bacteriology, botany). Single-celled animals are
referred to as (archaea, metazoa, protozoa, viruses) and include the major sub
groupings of (Gram positives, bacteriophage, chrysophyta, ciliates), sporozites,
flagellates, and (Gram negatives, sarcondinians, chlorophyta, methanogens). The
latter include the irregularly shaped (Staphylococcus, Volvox, Amoeba) which slinks
along with its pseudopodia or “false foot”. Microscopic photosynthetic eukaryotes
include (Green algae, sarcondinians, thermophiles, methanogens). The fungi have
two representative shapes the oval yeast and the more filamentous (molds, icoshedra,
ciliates, cocci). The fungi are (always, sometimes, never) pathogens. The two groups
of prokaryotic microbes are the (bacteria, eukarya, archaea, viruses) and the (bacteria,
eukarya, archaea, viruses). The bacteria like E. coli are typically (2 m, 2 mm, 2 μm, 2
nm) in length and have relatively simple shapes like the cocci, bacilli, and the (spirillum,
alpha helix, icoshedron, ciliates). The three major groupings of the archaea are the
(Gram positive, methanogens, bacteriophage), (Gram negatives, yeasts,
thermophiles) and the halophiles. The smallest of the microorganisms are the (bacteria,
eukarya, archaea, viruses) which are less than (0.2 m, 0.2 mm, 0.2 μm, 0.2 nm) in size.
The typical shapes are helical and the (molds, icoshedra, ciliates, cocci).
(5 points) Describe the FIRST stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the small
molecules that came together to form monomers and what energy sources were available?
Where did this occur? What gas was missing? Give the names of several monomers that
resulted. How can this process be demonstrated in the laboratory?
Match the scientist with their contribution to Microbiology. 9 points
_____ Koch
_____ Pasteur
_____Lister
_____ Fleming
_____ Beijerinck
_____Winogradsky
A) Organic chemist who studied
fermentation and food spoilage
B) Isolated many soil and aquatic
microorganisms.
C) Study of hot springs bacteria led to
better understanding of original life on
Earth
D) Led the sequencing of the human
genome
E) Discovered penicillin and lysozyme
_____ Brock
F. First to make detailed observation of
microbes
G. Developed the concept of lithotrophy
_____ van Leuuwenhoek
H. Developed pure culture technique
_____ Venter
I. Emphasized hygiene to control
contagions
What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a
disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) 2 points
1.
2.
3.
4.
(1 point) Consider the disease Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that is
caused by the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV). Considering the fact that HIV only
infects human beings, indicate the problem in applying Koch’s postulates by answering
the following question: If HIV is lethal and infects only people, which postulate would
be affected? What would be the moral problem in fulfilling this postulate?
Complete the following table comparing the typical arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes
and Prokaryotes. 4 points
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Shape of Chromosome
Copies of Each
Chromosome
Where is it found in the
cell?
Does supercoiling involves
histones?
(2 points) What are three advantages of having a capsule? Put a star by the most
important.
A-
B-
C-
(2 points) Bacterial endospores are (true or false)
_____ resistant to heat
_____ metabolically active
_____ rich in Calcium
_____ formed on the inside of cells
(4 points) Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic motility by completing the following
table.
Trait or Property
Appendages related to
motility
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Name of proteins that
appendages are composed
of
Motion of appendages
(What man-made structures
do they resemble?)
What form of energy is
required for motion?
Complete the following table, indicating the chemical structure of cell walls. 4 pts
Microorganism
Polymer
Bond Arrangement
Sub-units
1->4
Algae
Fungi
Bacteria
Archaea
Pseudomurein
N-acetylglucosamine
and N-acetylmuramic
acid
N-acetylglucosamine
and N-acetyltauronic
acid