Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Predation and Symbiosis | DAT • Predators and Prey • Predator – an organism that hunts and kills other organisms for food • Prey – an organism that is hunted • Predator-prey relationships are one of the most selective evolutionary forces o Organisms that are welladapted to evade capture will survive against predation Bright Coloration of Bees • Evolutionary Adaptations of Prey • Prey might evolve physical obstacles to predation o A porcupine’s quills o A rose’s thorns Their unique coloration helps would-be predators recognize them as poisonous o After being stung, a predator will resolve to not prey upon bees o The bees’ coloration makes it easy for the predator to recognize and avoid other bees it encounters Mimicry • In a phenomenon known as mimicry, some species emulate the appearance and behavior of other species in order to protect themselves against predation • For example, some nonpoisonous flies have actually adapted black/yellow striations similar to those exhibited by bees o Predators identify the flies as bees, and don’t prey upon them Physical Protection for Prey Prey might adapt physical barriers for protection against predators. • Some organisms, like bees, have pursued the opposite evolutionary route o Rather than blend in with their environment, they exhibit bright coloration Camouflage is a tactic employed by prey to help them blend in with the environment o Such that predator’s don’t see them Camouflage Camouflage allows prey to blend in with their environment, aiding in their ability to evade predation. Mimicry Some non-poisonous flies present themselves with color similar to those of bees. Predators, believing that the flies are unpalatable, do not prey upon them. 1 © 2017 J Co Review, Inc., Accessed by Guest on 04-30-2017 Predation and Symbiosis | DAT • • Coevolution • There is an evolutionary backand-forth between predators and prey • Consider the Heliconius butterfly and the passionfruit vine This phenomenon, whereby a palatable (non-poisonous) organism mimics an unpalatable (poisonous) one is called Batesian mimicry In another phenomenon, known as Mullerian mimicry, two unpalatable species emulate one another o This reinforces their recognition among predators Heliconius Butterfly and Passionfruit Vine • (a) (b) Mullerian Mimicry The (a) Viceroy and (b) Monarch butterflies are both poisonous independently. But, by mimicking one another’s appearance, they reinforce their recognition among predators; a predator that has learned not to prey upon Viceroy butterflies will also avoid preying upon Monarch butterflies. • • Evolutionary Adaptations of Predators • Like prey, predators also adapt; they refine their hunting abilities o Venomous snakes use poison to kill or immobilize prey o Cheetahs can outrun their prey • (a) (b) Evolutionary Advantages of Predators (a) Venomous snakes can kill or immobilize their prey. (b) Cheetahs are well-equipped to outrun their prey. The vines contain a toxin that thwarts would-be predators But butterfly larvae have evolved tolerance to the toxin, making the vines a good source of sustenance for larvae In response, the vines have imprinted their leaves with spots that look like butterfly eggs o Butterflies, believing that the vine’s leaves are already inundated with eggs, lay their eggs elsewhere They don’t want to lay their eggs on a leaf where there will be competition for sustenance This back-and-forth evolutionary relationship is called coevolution o The predator and prey induce the evolution of one another Symbiotic Relationships • There are several types of observable interspecific relationships 2 © 2017 J Co Review, Inc., Accessed by Guest on 04-30-2017 Predation and Symbiosis | DAT • • • • o Known as symbiosis Mutualism – benefits both species in the relationship Commensalism – benefits one species and doesn’t affect the other Parasitism – benefits one species and harms the other Amensalism – doesn’t affect one species and harms the other 3 © 2017 J Co Review, Inc., Accessed by Guest on 04-30-2017