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Transcript
Name: ______________________ Date: _________________________ Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper as you read your textbook. Eubacteria (Section 12.2 – pgs. 419-431) 1. Most people think that all bacteria are pathogenic (disease-causing). List four examples where this is not the case. 2. Bacteria show incredible diversity. How are bacteria classified? 3. What are the three main shapes exhibited by bacteria? Provide an example for each. 4. Bacteria are also classified according to the structure of their cell walls. Gram-staining is a procedure that uses crystal violet and iodine in order to identify a Gram-positive vs. a Gram-negative bacterium. What is the difference between a Gram-positive bacterium and a Gram-negative bacterium? What colour do each appear when stained? 5. Most pathogenic bacteria (disease-causing) are Gram-negative because of the different amino acids and sugars that are on their cell walls. Why is it important that your doctor has knowledge of this? 6. Bacteria live EVERYWHERE, including: on and inside plants and animals, on the living, on the dead, in the soil, in the depths of the oceans, in extreme cold and hot, and in salty waters. Why are bacteria found in almost every kind of environment? 7. Study figure 12.8 and the “Word Link” box. Define the following terms: a. Autotrophs – make their own organic compounds. For example: synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide b. Heterotrophs – obtain carbon from their environment and break it down to create organic compounds c. Aerobic bacteria d. Obligate anaerobic bacteria e. Facultative anerobic bacteria f. Photoautotrophs g. Photoheterotrophs h. Chemoautorophs 8. Based upon your definitions in 8 above and from studying figure 12.8, place the following types of bacteria in order from oldest to youngest. a. b. c. d. Photoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrophs 9. Describe the organization of the bacterial genome. 10. Why can’t bacteria reproduce by mitosis or meiosis? 11. What is the name of the process by which bacteria reproduce under ideal conditions? Why type of reproduction is this? 12. Bacteria, given the right environmental conditions, can reproduce at an exponential rate. Why isn’t the entire Earth’s surface covered with bacteria? 13. Describe the process of conjugation. What type of reproduction is this? What is the advantage to of this type of reproduction? 14. What is a bacterial plasmid? One amazing fact about plasmids is that they carry “accessory genes” or genes that are not responsible for the normal functioning of bacteria. Examples of “accessory genes” are those genes that confer antibiotic resistance. Plasmids can do two amazing things with their plasmids. Describe them. 15. Study figure 12.11. What type of enzyme is used in order to remove the insulin gene from the E.coli plasmid? 16. What are bacterial endospores? 17. How do antibiotics work? Describe two ways. 18. How are some bacteria resistant to the effects of certain antibiotics? Describe two possibilities. 19. How do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance? Describe two ways. 20. What has greatly reduced the effectiveness of many antibiotics? Archaebacteria (Section 12.1 – pgs. 414-417) 1. All members of the kingdom archaea live without ____________. They obtain their energy from _____________ _____________ or from _________. 2. How are the cell membranes of archaea different than bacteria? How does this help them survive in very hot environments? 3. Define a. b. c. the following: Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles Analyzing Data Aerobic + + + - + + + + + - + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - Lactose Endospores A A A A A B B B B B B B B A A A A Maltose Flagella Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Diplococcus Bacillus Bacillus Diplococcus Diplococcus Diplococcus Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Glucose Capsule 1. Bacillus anthracis 2. Bacillus subtilis 3. Clostridium botulinum 4. Clostridium tetani 5. Diplococcus pneumoniae 6. Escherichia coli 7. Klebsiella pneumoniae 8. Neisseria catarrhalis 9. Neisseria gonorrheae 10. Neisseria meningitidis 11. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12. Salmonella typhi 13. Serratia marcescens 14, Staphylococcus aureus 15. Staphylococcus epidermidis 16. Streptococcus fecalis 17. Streptococcus hemolyticus Sugars Fermented Grows Well At 20oC Shape or Form Causes Lysis of Red Blood Cells Organism Type of Cell Wall Bacteria and other microbes are considerably difficult to identify. Bacteria are extremely small and show only a few variations in appearance. Testing for chemical characteristics is often needed to distinguish between bacteria that are similar in appearance. The table below gives characteristics for a variety of bacteria that often need to be identified in medical laboratories. Familiarize yourself with the table. A “+” in the table indicates that an organism does have the listed characteristic. A "-" in the table indicates that the bacterium does NOT have the characteristic A blank means that the information is not available. Use the information in the table to identify the two unknown organisms described below. + + + - + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1. Unknown A is examined under a microscope and observed to be a diplococcus. A test is done that shows that the diplococcus has cell wall type B and has no capsule. Samples of unknown A are placed in incubator at 20oC and at 37oC. The sample at 37oC grows well, but the one at 20oC does not. The unknown organism is tested for the ability to ferment the sugars glucose, maltose, and lactose. It can only ferment glucose. The identity of unknown A is ____________________________ 2. Unknown B is a bacillus with cell wall type A. It is anaerobic and causes lysis (bursting) of red blood cells. This organism is tested for the ability to ferment the sugars glucose and lactose. It cannot ferment either of these sugars. The identity of unknown B is ____________________________