Download 3 - Prokaryotes - Bacteria and Archaea - kyoussef-mci

Name: ______________________
Date: _________________________
Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper
as you read your textbook.
Eubacteria (Section 12.2 – pgs. 419-431)
1. Most people think that all bacteria are pathogenic (disease-causing). List four examples
where this is not the case.
2. Bacteria show incredible diversity. How are bacteria classified?
3. What are the three main shapes exhibited by bacteria? Provide an example for each.
4. Bacteria are also classified according to the structure of their cell walls. Gram-staining is
a procedure that uses crystal violet and iodine in order to identify a Gram-positive
vs. a Gram-negative bacterium. What is the difference between a Gram-positive
bacterium and a Gram-negative bacterium? What colour do each appear when stained?
5. Most pathogenic bacteria (disease-causing) are Gram-negative because of the different
amino acids and sugars that are on their cell walls. Why is it important that your doctor has
knowledge of this?
6. Bacteria live EVERYWHERE, including: on and inside plants and animals, on the living, on
the dead, in the soil, in the depths of the oceans, in extreme cold and hot, and in salty
waters. Why are bacteria found in almost every kind of environment?
7. Study figure 12.8 and the “Word Link” box. Define the following terms:
a. Autotrophs – make their own organic compounds. For example: synthesize glucose
from carbon dioxide
b. Heterotrophs – obtain carbon from their environment and break it down to create
organic compounds
c. Aerobic bacteria
d. Obligate anaerobic bacteria
e. Facultative anerobic bacteria
f. Photoautotrophs
g. Photoheterotrophs
h. Chemoautorophs
8. Based upon your definitions in 8 above and from studying figure 12.8, place the following
types of bacteria in order from oldest to youngest.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Photoautotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
9. Describe the organization of the bacterial genome.
10. Why can’t bacteria reproduce by mitosis or meiosis?
11. What is the name of the process by which bacteria reproduce under ideal conditions? Why
type of reproduction is this?
12. Bacteria, given the right environmental conditions, can reproduce at an exponential rate.
Why isn’t the entire Earth’s surface covered with bacteria?
13. Describe the process of conjugation. What type of reproduction is this? What is the
advantage to of this type of reproduction?
14. What is a bacterial plasmid? One amazing fact about plasmids is that they carry “accessory
genes” or genes that are not responsible for the normal functioning of bacteria. Examples
of “accessory genes” are those genes that confer antibiotic resistance. Plasmids can do two
amazing things with their plasmids. Describe them.
15. Study figure 12.11. What type of enzyme is used in order to remove the insulin gene from
the E.coli plasmid?
16. What are bacterial endospores?
17. How do antibiotics work? Describe two ways.
18. How are some bacteria resistant to the effects of certain antibiotics? Describe two
possibilities.
19. How do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance? Describe two ways.
20. What has greatly reduced the effectiveness of many antibiotics?
Archaebacteria (Section 12.1 – pgs. 414-417)
1. All members of the kingdom archaea live without ____________. They obtain their energy
from _____________ _____________ or from _________.
2. How are the cell membranes of archaea different than bacteria? How does this help them
survive in very hot environments?
3. Define
a.
b.
c.
the following:
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
Analyzing Data
Aerobic
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Lactose
Endospores
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
Maltose
Flagella
Bacillus
Bacillus
Bacillus
Bacillus
Diplococcus
Bacillus
Bacillus
Diplococcus
Diplococcus
Diplococcus
Bacillus
Bacillus
Bacillus
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Streptococcus
Glucose
Capsule
1. Bacillus anthracis
2. Bacillus subtilis
3. Clostridium botulinum
4. Clostridium tetani
5. Diplococcus pneumoniae
6. Escherichia coli
7. Klebsiella pneumoniae
8. Neisseria catarrhalis
9. Neisseria gonorrheae
10. Neisseria meningitidis
11. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
12. Salmonella typhi
13. Serratia marcescens
14, Staphylococcus aureus
15. Staphylococcus epidermidis
16. Streptococcus fecalis
17. Streptococcus hemolyticus
Sugars
Fermented
Grows Well At 20oC
Shape or Form
Causes Lysis of Red Blood
Cells
Organism
Type of Cell Wall
Bacteria and other microbes are considerably difficult to identify. Bacteria are extremely small and show
only a few variations in appearance. Testing for chemical characteristics is often needed to distinguish between
bacteria that are similar in appearance. The table below gives characteristics for a variety of bacteria that often
need to be identified in medical laboratories.
Familiarize yourself with the table. A “+” in the table indicates that an organism does have the listed
characteristic. A "-" in the table indicates that the bacterium does NOT have the characteristic A blank means that
the information is not available. Use the information in the table to identify the two unknown organisms
described below.
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
1. Unknown A is examined under a microscope and observed to be a diplococcus. A test is done that shows that
the diplococcus has cell wall type B and has no capsule. Samples of unknown A are placed in incubator at
20oC and at 37oC. The sample at 37oC grows well, but the one at 20oC does not. The unknown organism is
tested for the ability to ferment the sugars glucose, maltose, and lactose. It can only ferment glucose.
The identity of unknown A is ____________________________
2. Unknown B is a bacillus with cell wall type A. It is anaerobic and causes lysis (bursting) of red blood cells.
This organism is tested for the ability to ferment the sugars glucose and lactose. It cannot ferment either of
these sugars.
The identity of unknown B is ____________________________