Download Anatomy of the Digestive System – Organization

Ch. 23- The Digestive System – Organization, Mouth & Esophagus
Walls of the GI Tract
1. Mucosa
– _____________ lining of tract
– secretes ________________
– Highly folded – ______________________ for absorption
• _____________________
– Composed of 3 layers
• Mucous epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
2. Submucosa
– Mainly _______________________
– Contains:
• Exocrine glands
– Secretes ____________ & _________________________
• Parasympathetic nerves form the ___________________________
3. Muscularis
– _______________________ muscle
• 2 layers
– _____________________ (outer)
– ____________________ (inner)
– Move particles by ______________________
– ________________________: found between 2 layers of smooth muscle
4. Serosa
– __________________ layer
– _____________________ tissue and _____________________ (visceral layer)
– ______________________ connects the parietal & visceral portions of the peritoneum
Mouth
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Also called the oral or __________________
Composed of:
– Lips, cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate
Tongue
• ___________________ muscle covered by _________________________
• Helps in chewing (________________), swallowing (____________________) and __________________
• ____________________ cover upper portion of the tongue
– ________________: posterior portion of tongue; contain taste buds
– ________________: sides and tip of tongue; contain taste buds
– ________________: anterior 2/3 of tongue; __________ contain taste buds
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__________________ – anchors tongue to floor of the mouth
– Ankyloglossia: frenulum is _________________; results in speech problems; “_______________________”
Floor of mouth and underside of tongue are very ______________________
– Sublingual drugs (ex:_________________________)
Salivary Glands
1. Parotid
– _________________; anterior & inferior to external ear
– ____________ saliva containing ________________
2. Sublingual
– ___________ of the mouth
– Mostly ________________ saliva
3. Submandibular
– Opens on either side of the frenulum
– _________________ of watery (enzymes) and mucous secretions
Teeth
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Organs of ______________________
Increase ________________________ that digestive enzymes can work on food
3 main sections:
– Crown: _______________________; covered by ________________
– Neck: surrounded by the _________________ (gums)
– Root: fits into the ________________________ of the jaw (____________________)
Children - _______ teeth
– ______________________ or primary
16 teeth per jaw - ______ total (adult)
– ______________ (4) - blade shaped - used to tear food
– ________________ (Cuspids) (2) - Pointed teeth - used to tear food
– _______________ (Bicuspids) (4) - 2 points - used to tear and grind food
– ______________ (6) - 4 points - used for grinding
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Last set called ___________________
Esophagus
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_______________________, muscular, ____________________ tube
______cm; extends from pharynx to stomach
_____________________to trachea
Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) – prevents _______ from entering during __________________
Lower esophageal sphincter or _________________________
Esophageal hiatus – ________in the _______________ through which the _________________ enters the abdominal
cavity
– Enlargement results in lower portion of esophagus and stomach bulging upward into the chest 
_______________________
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – _________________________________ of ____________________
through the ____________________________ into the lower esophagus
Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Stomach
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______________________, ____________-like structure
Mostly in ______
After _____________ the stomach walls _____________; when ___________ size of ______________________
In adults holds ____________________
Stomach Landmarks (fig 25-10)
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Fundus – enlarged upper left portion
* Pyloric Sphincter
Body – central portion
* Lesser curvature
Pylorus – lower portion
* Greater curvature
Lower esophageal sphincter (also ____________________________)
Modifications of the Stomach Wall
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Gastric Muscosa
– Arranged into ___________ which allow for ___________________ (_______________)
– Contains _____________________ which are surrounded by ___________________
– Gastric glands secrete ___________________
• 3 major secretory cells:
– ___________ cells: secrete ______________ of gastric juice
– ___________ cells: secrete ___________________________ (HCl)
– ___________ cells: secrete ___________ (stimulate ___________________________ to increase
_______________) and ______________ (influences digestive functions)
Gastric Muscle
– Muscularis layer is composed of _____ smooth muscle layers
– Superficial to deep
• Longitudinal
• Circular
• ________________
– Allows stomach to contract at many ___________________________
Serosa Layer
– Visceral layer forms the ______________________________ (over intestines) and ______________________
(connects stomach to liver)
Small Intestine
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1 inch in diameter; 20 feet in length
3 divisions:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Walls of the Small Intestine
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Mucosa lining has _______________ folds  _____________
Small ________________ called _________(singular – villus) cover plicae
Ileum
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– 1 mm in height
– Contain an _________________, _______________ and lymph vessel
– Epithelial cells on the surface of villi contain approx 1700 __________________ per cell
Villi and microvilli increase ___________________ for ___________________
________________________ are located on villi and in crypts
– Secrete _______________
Secretory cells in each crypt produce an enzyme that ________________________________ in the
_____________________________
Large Intestine
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2.5 inches in diameter; 5-6 feet in length
Divisions: 1) ______________
2) ________________ 3) ____________________
Cecum
– First _________________ of the large intestine
– ________________________ in _____________ quadrant
Colon (4 divisions)
– Ascending
• __________________ position in ______________ quadrant
• Ileum joins ______________ to cecum
• ________________________ allows material to pass into the large intestine
– Transverse
• ____________________ position _________________________________
• Extends from the ______________________ to the ______________________
– Descending
• ________________ position in the __________ quadrant
• Extends to the level of the _________________
– Sigmoid colon
• _____________ iliac crest
• Means “____________________”
• Bends from ___________________
Rectum
– Last _______________ of the large intestine
– ____________________ is the last inch
• Mucous lined ______________ folds  ________________________
– Opening = ____________
Walls of the Large Intestine
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Intestinal ______________ glands
– Secrete mucous that ______________________
____________________________ muscles are grouped into tape-like strips called _________________________
____________________ muscles are grouped into rings which form pouches  __________________
____________________ muscles in the rectum form _________________________
Accessory Organs
Vermiform Appendix
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Attached to the ______________ in the ____________
_________ inches in length
“breeding ground” for ____________________________
– _______________________ bacteria
– Aids in ___________________ and _________________________
Appendicitis
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Mucous lining becomes _____________________
_______________________ or ___________ becomes trapped causing ____________ and _____________________
____________________ of the appendix results in ___________________________ in the _____________________
–May cause _________________ of the __________________ and/or other ____________________________
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An enlarged appendix can be removed through a _______________________________________
– __________________________
– RLQ pain (__________________________)
– ________________ tenderness
Peritoneum
• Continuous sheet of ___________________________
– ______________________ of abdominal cavity (__________________ layer)
– ______________________ of abdominal organs (_________________ layer)
• Binds abdominal organs together
– _________________: projection of the ________________ layer
• Attached to ___________________
• Allows ________________________ without becoming tangled (________________)
– Greater ________________: continuation of stomach’s _________________________
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Covers _____________ intestines
– ________________ omentum
• Attaches from the ____________ to the ______________
Liver
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_________________ gland in the body
Weighs 3-4 _______________
RUQ
Two lobes connected by the ___________________________
– Left lobe __________ the size of the right lobe
– 3 divisions of the right lobe
• Right lobe proper, caudate lobe and quadrate lobe (____________________________) (fig 25-22)
____________________________ – anatomical units of the liver
– ___________________-shaped cylinders
Blood enters the lobules from the _________________________ & __________________________________
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___________________ blood _______________________
___________________ blood passes for ___________________
• ___________________________ remove bacteria, old RBCs, dissolved toxins
• Venous blood continues to the __________________________
– __________ formed by hepatic cells passes though the __________________ to the ________________ Fig 25-23
Bile Ducts- Fig. 25-25
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Small bile ducts merge to form ___________________________
– R and L hepatic ducts form __________________________
– Cystic duct and common hepatic duct form _________________________
– Common bile duct opens into the ____________________
Liver Functions
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Bile secretion (aids in the _________________________)
_______________________________________________________ metabolism
__________________________ (blood cell production)
Gallbladder
• _________-shaped sac
• ______ inches long
• Can hold _____________ of bile
• Located on ____________ surface of the _________
• ___________ (similar to stomach)
• Functions:
– ____________ and concentrates __________
– Contracts and ejects bile into ______________ during ________________
Cholecystitis
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_________________ of the gallbladder
Often caused by __________________ (cholelithiasis)
– Solid _________________; mostly __________________
– High incidence in ______________________ and those undergoing _________________________
Treatment:
– _______________________________________
– Ultrasound _________________
– _____________________________ (Actigall)
Pancreas
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_______ inches long
_______; behind stomach extending to the spleen
_________________ & _______________ tissue
Exocrine tissue arranged in a ____________________________________________ (grapelike)
– Release ___________________________ into microscopic ducts which join to the _________________________
– Pancreatic duct empties into the _________________________